Integrated Case Study Analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Integrated Analysis - Case Study Example ee thirds’, of having the company’s revenue equally generated from goods made in China and sold overseas, and goods that are produced and sold overseas. As the company approached the third decade in its business operations, the CEO was aiming at even higher targets. The goal of the company was to attain deeper penetration of the market in both rural China and overseas. The goal was to be achieved by increasing the share of the market and adding the product categories. The fast growing Chinese economy as well as shifts in production facilities to China may have played a role in driving the company to globalize. The impact of the WTO on China after entry in 2001 added pressure on the company to solidify its brand and products globally and to also have a dominant position in the local Chinese market. However, Zhang experienced the challenge of maintaining the company’s industry leadership in home (Archer & Cameron, 2013). The task of going global required Zhang to decide what lessons learnt from the international operations needed to be implemented at home and which lessons learnt from the domestic operations of the company needed to be applied in the international markets (Bonaglia & Goldstein, 2007). With the rapid growth of the economy in China, inflation peaked at 17 percent in 1995 forcing central banks to curtail lending by banks. As such, the Chinese government denied the company a loan of RMB 1.6 billion to curb speculation in the real estate. Zhang, faced with no other option of raising funds to expand the company decided to sell 43.7 percent of Qingdao Haier refrigerator division to the Shanghai Stock Exchange. The company was also faced by the challenge of penetrating global markets as its approach was to start with the difficult markets of the U.S and U.K whic h were already well established in consumer electronics and home appliances there by providing stiff completion for the Chinese company. This study has several objectives that it seeks to

Principles of Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Principles of Human Resource Management - Essay Example Starting from identifying the capacity and nature of workforce required, employers need to lay down the specifications of the diversity mix they aim to introduce in their organization. This involves clarifying the demographics, qualification, skill set, education, competencies and other abilities. The point of contention which arises here is the possibility of overt or systematic discrimination creeping in, based on caste, color, creed, race, religion, gender, marital status, minority and such other factors (Markey et al. 2002). From organizational point of view, competencies are defined in advance just for the purpose of matching the core jobs with that of candidate’s profile, leaving scope of adjustment for peripheral duties and responsibilities of the job. However, discriminating candidates on the basis of such criteria denies them equality of opportunity in the first place, and later on from appropriate training and development session organized and managed by the organiza tion. Pandey (2006, p.21) gives some exceptional cases where sex or religion is not considered as unlawful in segregating the candidature of employees, like playing role for a movie or a drama. But in general, such practices are considered anti to the equal opportunity laws. Evidence of discriminatory practices constitutes the type of questions asked during selection interviews. Though basic information has to be provided by the candidate, yet federal laws have now prohibited asking questions on marital status, weight and height, education, child care, demographics, ownership and such other details. Purpose behind such prohibition is to safeguard the interests of women and under-represented communities who are denied of equal opportunities on the basis of their height, care giving duties, availability to work on weekends, etc (Strahan & Burgess 1998). This discrimination extends to even compensation and promotion techniques adopted by the management of the organization. Lately, init ial screening and assessments stages in recruitment and selection process have turned advanced with the advent of technologies like Interactive Voice Responses system (IVR) and social networking tools. Though these technologies have simplified the entire process, but in reality have posed many legal challenges ahead HR practitioners and policy makers. Primary amongst them is the inability of such hiring practices in giving due attention to applicants suffering from disabilities like hearing and visual impairment. Further, it limits the accommodation by providing access to people having internet connection. This gives direct birth to ‘disparate impact’ whereby web-based hiring creates membership and access based on sub-groups, age etc. Employers are also making extensive use of social networking tools and websites like Facebook, Twitter and other to conduct background checks and gather information and confirming the credentials of candidates. This directly gives rise to invasion of privacy and unlawful spying on profiles of candidates which are otherwise not considered as authentic means of background

Case Study 03092 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case Study 03092 - Essay Example NENE limited is considering investing in one of the two mutually exclusive projects, Alpha and Beta. The investment decision would be taken on the basis of capital budgeting techniques. The calculations in respect of payback period, accounting rate of return (ARR) and net present value (NPV) carried out for both the projects are as follows: Based on the capital budgeting calculations carried out in respect of Alpha and Beta, it can be seen the returns available from Alpha are more acceptable and profitable. In terms of the payback period, the company with the lower period is accepted. This would signify that the project would be able to cover their initial cost of investment within a shorter duration and begin providing profits (Shapiro, 2005). Accordingly, Alpha is considered to be a better project. In case of other techniques used, the project with higher ARR and higher NPV is required to be chosen as they indicate higher returns. In this respect, project Alpha is seen to be better. Hence, the company must consider choosing Alpha and invest in the same (Atrill and McLaney, 2006). Accounting rate of return can be expressed as the percentage or ratio between the average profit earned from a project with the average investments made in the same. In simpler words, it explains the returns available from a project on an annual basis. In case of mutually exclusive projects, the one with the higher ARR has greater chances of being selected. In case of a single project, higher ARR would indicate that the project would add more value to the organization (Marino and Matsusaka, 2005). The ARR technique of capital budgeting is simple and involves less calculations (Bierman Jr and Smidt, 2012). However, a major disadvantage of the ARR method of project appraisal is that it does not take into consideration the time value of money. A project which

Economic development in China and India Essay Example for Free

Economic development in China and India Essay Foreign trade in China is almost completely dominated by the state. In 1979, China relaxed certain trade restrictions, paving the way for increases in the relatively small foreign investment and trade activity. By the late 1980s, yearly exports totaled about $41. 1 billion and imports $46. 4 billion, and both have increased sharply since then. China has been undergoing a dramatic transformation to a market economy. As a result, it currently is the world leader in terms of economic growth, industrial expansion, and exports. It contains an array of potential consumers that far exceeds the markets in Europe or the Western Hemisphere, and it is rapidly emerging as a new epicenter for industry, commerce, and finance. In addition, the so-called â€Å"greater China† has substantial amounts of technology and manufacturing capability, outstanding entrepreneurial, marketing, and services acumen in Hong Kong, a fine communications network and a tremendous pool of financial. When these resources are combined with the very large endowment of land, resources, and labor on the mainland, China already is a major superpower in the global economy. The people’s Republic of China (PRC or China, for short) has had a long tradition of isolation. In 1979, Deng Xiaoping opened his country to the world. Although his bloody 1989 put-down of protestors in Tiananmen Square was a definite setback for progress, China is rapidly trying to close the gap between itself and economically advance nations and to establish itself as an economic power in the Pacific Rim. Southeast China in particular has become a hotbed of business activity. Presently, China is actively encouraging trade with the West, and it is a major trading partner of the United States. Despite this progress, many U. S. and European multinationals find that doing business in the PRC can be a long, grueling process that often results in failure. One primary reason is that Western-based MNCs do not understand the role and impact of Chinese culture. Since the last few decades there has been a multifold increase in the FDI in China. The Chinese economy has now gaining the power of effecting the decisions of the economic bodies of the world. History of FDI growth in China: The country launched its open door policy 26 years ago. Since the policy introduction the FDI flows in the country received a quick response. In 2004 China was at no. 2nd position in the world of FDI with $64 billion. The Chinese FDI trends can be examined in two phases. First phase: 1979-82 Second phase: 1984-91 Third phase: 1992-99 In the first phase the government establish for special zones with incentive policies. Although there was a high inflow into those regions, the total FDI flow reached US $ 1. 8 billion. In the second phase the provinces were opened and recorded US $ 10. 3 billion. In 1989 however the trend dropped. In the third phase Deny Xiaoping opened China for overall economic reform. The phase was very fruitful for China. The government introduced new policies and market oriented economic reform. In result of these reforms the FDI’s started flowing into the Chinese economy at rocket speed. In November 1999 US-China had an agreement regarding the WTO, according to which many new reforms were made (Sandra, 2001) those included †¢ The sectors relating to the distribution services will be opened for repair and maintenance and China will phase in trading rights and distribution services over three years. The Government for the investment opened the telecommunication industry of China. †¢ The professionals were also allowed access to the service markets of China. The services included according, consulting, Information Technology and Engineering. (Lardy, 2000). FDI in China rose to a peak level of US $ 45463 million in 1998. In the first six months of 2002, actual foreign direct investment (FDI) in China rocketed to 24. 58 billion U. S. dollars, setting a record growth rate of 18. 69 percent year-on-year. (Beijing Time, 2002) On June 22, 2005, CNOOC, a Chinese company made a $18. billion bid to purchase Unocal Corporation, an U. S. energy company. News of the bid raised concern among several Members, many of who contend that the deal would threaten U. S. national security. On June 30, 2005, the House passed H. Res. 344 (Pombo) by a vote of 398 to 15, expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that a Chinese state-owned energy company exercising control of critical United States energy infrastructure and energy production capacity could take action that would threaten to impair the national security of the United States. On the same day, the House passed an amendment (H.  Amdt. 431) to an appropriations bill (H. R. 3058) that would prohibit the use of funds from being made available to recommend approval of the sale of Unocal Corporation to CNOOC. On May 20, 2005, the Chinese government reported that first quarter real GDP grew by 9. 4% in 2005 over the same period in 2004. On April 15, 2005, the Chinese government reported that its foreign exchange reserves had risen to $659. 1 billion by the end of May 2005. (Morrison, 2005) Some researchers state the fact that the data reported for FDI in China is different from the reality. The Chinese FDI data is overstated. About ? of flight capital later returns (â€Å"round-trips†) as FDI when opportunities emerge. (Gunter, 2004) From the early 1990s most of the researchers from International bodies have calculated wrong FDI. It is Mainland Chinese monies that flowed out to access better financial, regulatory and legal services and round-trip by returning to China as apparent FDI to access the fiscal incentives and improved investor protection offered in China to foreign investors. (Erskine, 2004) Outward FDI: â€Å"The figures on FDI outflows vary. According to China’s BOP statistics, the cumulative total during 1990 to 1997 was US$18. 9 billion, consisting exclusively of equity capital. Since the 1980s, China has been fast acquiring assets abroad. Researchers7 estimate that Chinese FDI in Hong Kong totaled US$20-30 billion by the end of 1993 or 1994. In fact the net wealth of Chinese affiliates abroad can be measured in hundreds of billion dollars. Officially, the Chinese SOEs had as many as 5 666 affiliates abroad at the end of 1998 with a combined FDI of US$6. 33 billion. (Chandra) Both the in-ward and the out-ward FDIs are a strong influencing forces which effect the trade performance of a country. This can be further explained by conducting the following case study. The study reveals increased value to Economy of China due to FDI. Source countries: Among the developed countries Japan United States are the most important investors in China. Hong Kong is also an important investor and newly industrialized (NIEs. From 1990’s some of the countries like Philippines Malaysia Indonesia have also increased their investment levels in China. Other countries are also showing interest in investing in China in future. In 2003, Sino-Japan trade reached a record high $132 billion. Examining the fast expansion of the bilateral trade suggests that direct investment from Japan performed a critical role in strengthening the economic integration between the two economies. Japanese affiliated manufacturers in China contributed to the soaring bilateral trade in dual ways: exporting their products as final products and intermediate inputs to Japan, and importing intermediates inputs from Japan for their production in China. In 2002, Japanese affiliated manufacturers exported 1,057 billion yen products to Japanese market (METI, 2003). The effect on China’s exports and its national economy is tremendous. (Xing, 2004) FDI from China: Not much material is provided regarding the subject. Although Hong Kong can be viewed as the destination for out ward flow of FDI from China. Sector and geographical distribution of FDI in China Sector Distribution: â€Å"So far, the major proportion of FDI is drawn for the manufacturing field, which takes up almost 60 per cent of the total contracted FDI by 1998. Next follows real estate with the share of 24. 4 percent. The portion of the distribution industry including transport, wholesale and retailing is 6. 0 percent. Construction comes next with 3. 1 percent. The primary industry such as agriculture, forestry and fishing takes 1. 8 per cent. In the future, service trade, such as finances, telecommunications and wholesale and resale commerce, will take up a larger share as a result of Chinese accession to WTO and further liberalization. Further investment liberalization should also take place in traditional industries. Especially, the expansion of FDI in agriculture will depend on the degree of opening up to the market circulation of agricultural products and the industrialized process of production operations. FIEs also generated nearly one fifth of the total tax revenues and 23. 5 million job opportunities, employing about one 10th of urban workers. These numbers suggest FDI has contributed nearly one quarter to one third of China’s GDP growth. †(OECD, 2004) Barriers in the way of FDI in China: The Chinese government has applied a controlled competition culture which against the liberalization provided by the WTO which lift most of the regulations from the trade commerce (Yoost, 2005) Many assets in commercial and industrial sectors are state owned. This in turn gives rise to the problem of hidden state regulation imposition of the government on the foreign investors. This strengthens the view that China does not practice liberty in Business. Some of the sectors of economy are still protected by the government. Due to the situation the WTO commitments are not fulfilled which gives rise to local competition for foreign investors Factors attracting FDI in India: â€Å"India is a prime offshore location for low and high-tech activities, its low-cost, English-speaking and IT-savvy labor force, coupled with a large market potential, underpin global executives improved outlook and investment confidence this year. † (Rediff. com, 2003) The first set of factors which was involved in bringing the FDI to India was the improvement in technology, cheap labor, cost effective production of the goods, cheap and efficient supply chain. The Indian Government also has the cutting edge of Channeling the FDI in the right direction. They are attracting most of the MNEs towards India because at present the Chinese economy can provide them with all the suitable factors desired. Due to its increase in population India has become a growing and profitable market for most of the MNEs products (Ahluwalia) The second set of factors, relating to SOEs, will change significantly and alter the market environment that foreign firms will face in India. Many if not the majority, of India’s best SOEs in industries accessible to foreign investors have set up joint ventures with foreign companies. In the foreseeable future, as the number of SOEs in the national economy continues to shrink, India will facilitate the entry of private domestic firms. MNCs will tend to build up their own affiliates rather than look for Indian domestic partners. At the same time, they will face more competition from private Indian firms as their numbers increase. All of these will become attractive features of the Indian market. Foreign invested enterprises (FIEs) have provided an alternative to private entrepreneurship because private Indian firms have been largely discriminated against. In the past 20 years, the highly efficient FIEs have contributed a great deal to the Indian economy. In 2002, even though FDI accounted for only one 10th of the gross fixed capital formation, FIEs contributed one third of the industrial output, one quarter of the value added, more than half of the exports, and nearly three quarters of the foreign exchange balances held in Chinese banks by corporations (Zhang, 2005). â€Å"The government of India eliminated export quotas as part of its effort to double Indian exports to more than $80 billion by 2007. India is the largest cotton cultivating country. The country has vast reservoir of scientific talent, established pharmaceutical industry, diversity of population and unique natural resources. Key to Indias development of biotechnology is the need for a science-based, rules-based regulatory approach, which is the best way to attract private sector investment. † (Larson, 2002) The major empirical conclusions of this paper are: (1) Much of the measured trade effect is through FDI rather than cost, as the theory of FDI would indicate, and that studies which concentrate on cost as the channel significantly understate the extent of such expansion. 2) On the whole bilateral country level, outward FDI has a larger predicted impact on Chinas exports than does inward FDI. On the other hand, inward FDI is found having a larger predicted impact on Chinas imports than does outward FDI. (3) There is much cross-regional variation and differences in the patterns of FDI-trade links. Regarding to the impact of inward FDI on Chinese trade, FDI is found to boost both export and import growth in Asia, Europe and Oceania. As far as outward FDI is concerned, a unanimous complement link between FDI and trade exists only for Asia, and Africa. (Yong, 2003) The work undertaken in this paper is an improved one because it takes into account all the aspects related to the FDI including a set of countries which contributes towards the FDI in China India, the contribution made by this paper is in more fully evaluating an important policy question regarding the effect of FDI. Second, it takes into account national changes both in inward FDI and outward FDI over a considerable period of time.

Status and Capacity Utilization in Small Scale Industries

Status and Capacity Utilization in Small Scale Industries ABSTRACT Over the past year, the global economic crisis has exerted considerable influence on many business organizations of any size. Large industrial establishments have attempted to manage this crisis in their own ways. Amid all this, SMEs are increasingly being brought into focus on account of their huge growth potential. The present study aims at examining the status of small industries, industrial policy and capacity utilization of small industries and the reasons for not utilizing it to the fullest extent. Capacity utilization has been examined taking into account the location of the unit, industry group to which it belonged, year of establishment, form of organization, investment in plant and machinery, the entrepreneurs background and various reasons specified by the entrepreneurs. This study is empirical in nature and it is based on the data collected with the help of questionnaire. Efforts are also being made to offer suggestions. Introduction Small and medium enterprises have an important role to play in the present context due to its capacity for employment generation, technological innovation, raising exports and developing entrepreneurial skills. They reduce regional imbalances. They have been accorded a strategic position in the successive five year plans towards fulfilment of our socio-economic objectives and helped to achieve our dictum of growth with equity. Since the early 1990s, Indian SMEs have been exposed to intense competition due to the accelerated process of globalization. But at the same time, globalization has brought new opportunities and challenges to Indian SMEs. India used to support small and medium industrial sector since independence compared to many developing countries. Series of institutions have been set up by the Central Government, State Governments, and provided financial assistance, technical consultancy, information, technical input, training, legal advice, and marketing support and helped in the healthy development and progress of small and medium industries. But a pertinent question that has often been emerged here, whether their capacity has been utilized to the fullest extent or not. Through this paper an effort is made to study the capacity utilization of small scale and medium industries. Meaning and Definition In the Indian context, we have not so far succeeded in giving a definition to small and medium industries. What is neither small nor large industries is being loosely defined as medium industries. Here, the term enterprise encompasses business, services and industries. The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Bill, 2006, defined the segment on the basis of investments in plant and machinery. Small enterprises are those with an investment of not more than Rs 50 mn in plant and machinery, and medium enterprises with an investment of over Rs 50 mn but less than Rs 100 mn in plant and machinery. This definition has finally put the segment within a legal framework. Under the Act, enterprises have been categorized broadly into those engaged in (i) manufacturing, and (ii) providing/rendering of services. Both the categories have been farther classified into micro, small and medium enterprises, based on gross investment in plant and machinery for manufacturing enterprises, and in equipment in case of enterprises providing or rendering services, as shown in the following table. Insert Table 1 Here SMEs are not uniform across the globe. The way they are defined depends on th stage of economic development and the broad policy purposes for which the definition is used. The most commonly used definitions relate to either size of employment and or quantum of capital investments or fixed assets. As the process of economic development leads to changes in industrial sector shares in GDP and the contribution of sub-sectors within industry, the definition is extended to include not only manufacturing industries but all enterprises which fall within or below the defined cut off point. Small scale units engage themselves in various kinds of manufacturing such as manufacturing of metal alloys and products, machinery, electrical equipments, chemicals, drugs, electronics and miscellaneous products. But most of the small scale units have not been able to achieve capacity utilization to the fullest extent. A very few of them have been able to achieve a capacity utilization greater than 80%, as revealed by many surveys. Recent study conducted at Dakshina Kannada and Udupi Districts of Karnataka have indicated that more than 80 of the industrial units in the various industrial estates of the two districts are either closed or sick. The fact that the same scenario prevails throughout the country and the difference, if any, is only in degree and cannot be a consoling factor. We know that this situation is not good for the economy of the country and due to these financial institutions and the banks in the country themselves are becoming sick as it increases the non-performin g assets of industrial units and other enterprises. The position of Sick SSI and Weak and non-viable units financed by commercial banks are not encouraging. The following table throws light on the magnitude of sickness. Insert Table 2 here Despite several measures for the promotion of this sector, it is very disappointing to observe that its performance has not been satisfactory. The problems are many like finance, production, marketing, labour, which have resulted in under utilization of installed capacity. At the same time, power cut, lack of demand, lack of working capital are all hindering the full utilization of installed capacity. Objectives of the Study The present study is intended to examine the capacity utilization of selected small scale units in the Udupi Districts and to find out the reasons for it. The specific objectives are: To examine and project the existing performance level of industrial units in the study area. To investigate into the reasons for underutilization of capacity in the small scale units of target area. To examine the relation between the investment and capacity utilization. To examine the relationship between the age of the unit and the capacity utilization. to examine the relation between the background of the entrepreneur and capacity utilization To study the current status of the small and medium scale industries To study the industrial policy and importance of the small-scale industries. Limitation of Study The study is not free from limitations. Some of them are likely: Udupi district itself is not an industrialized area; hence based of this study we cannot make generalizations. The researcher collected data from only 100 respondents, out of which only 85 units responded. Few sample units did not maintain the books for recording their capacity utilization, production, etc. Hence collected data may be biased. Review of Literature A number of studies on the efficiency of small and medium industries were undertaken. Dhar and Lydall, Hajra, Sandesara (1966 and 1969) and Mehta studied the relationship between size and output-capital ratio by using the data from confederation of medium industries. Their report showed positive relationship. Bhavani (1980) conducted a detailed census of SSI units and concluded that the capital productivity of SSI units is lower than that of large scale units suggesting efficiency differences in line with the findings of Dhar-Lydall-Sandesara. Tambiinam T(2007) found out that the levels of productivity are higher in large enterprises (LEs) and foreign-owned enterprises than in small and medium enterprises (SMEs), partly because they have higher levels of technology capacity. He suggested that increasing the productivity of SMEs might be facilitated through improved knowledge or technology. Business outlook survey conducted by Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) based on preliminary analysis of responses from 352 small and medium members reveals a dull scenario (June 2003). However, the small and medium industry foresees an improvement in the business situation in the coming years and expects an increase in turnover of production, profit margins, capacity utilization and exports. According to the information collected from Small Scale Industrial Centers, Government agencies for small scale industries and some of the associations of the small scale industries, no in depth studies have been made till now on the capacity utilization of small scale industries. Under utilization of capacity may be considered as one of the problems, but neither the entrepreneurs nor the concerned authorities have taken up this issue very seriously. Empirical studies in several countries show that SMEs are characterized by Lower and more variable profitability (Dunlop, 1992; Cosh and Hughes, 1993; Peel and Wilson, 1996); Lower liquidity (Gupta, 1969; Chittenden et ah, 1996); Lower use of long-term debt (Chittenden et al., 1996; Levratto, 1997; Audretsch and Elston, 1997); Lower leverage (Rivaud-Danset et ah, 1998); Higher short-term debt (Tamari, 1980; Cosh and Hughes, 1993; Rivaud-Danset et al., 1998). In one the study conducted by Prof. Jayachandran, Narendra Kumar and Dr. Himachalam at selected small scale units of Tirupathi Industrial Estate revealed that 50% of the SMEs were utilizing 25% to 50% capacity and the remaining 50% were utilizing 50 to 75%. None of the studied units was utilizing more than 75% of plant capacity. Further it revealed that age of the unit alone is not accountable for the extent of capacity utilization. They concluded that entrepreneurial talents and problems, which confronted the unit, also influenced the level of capacity utilization in the small scale units. From the above review, it is obvious that few research studies have been undertaken on the subject capacity underutilization in SMEs. Hence, there is a research gap necessitating further study, particularly SSI sector and the problems confronted by them. This paper throws light the status of small and medium enterprises and their capacity utilization. Research Methodology The present study aims at examining the status of small industries, industrial policy and capacity utilization of small industries and the reasons for not utilizing it to the fullest extent. Capacity utilization has been examined taking into account the location of the unit, industry group to which it belonged, year of establishment, form of organization, investment in plant and machinery, the entrepreneurs background and various reasons specified by the entrepreneurs. This study is empirical in nature and it is based on the data collected with the help of questionnaire. Attempts have also been made to extract the correct information through discussion with the entrepreneurs. Chi-square test is applied to study the association between capacity utilization and variables like location of the plant, investment, age of the unit and background of the industrialists. Besides the primary data, necessary information and data also collected through secondary sources like periodicals, reports, Government, publications of industrial association, research organization, and company documents. Documents are also collected from District Industrial Centre of Udupi and Industries Association, Manipal. In the study, convenience sampling of 85 units were selected. Heterogeneous sample units were selected for the study. Importance was given for the amount of investment on the units and the location as well. Present Study There are 15 medium scale industries existing in the District. Among them printing, fishnet, granite, water gel explosives are the major industries. There are 5629 tiny and small scale industrial units registered in the District. Total amount of Rs. 218.49 crores has been invested in these units generating employment for 34,123 numbers. Table reveals the number of SSI registered, the total investment and employment generation by this sector. Insert Table 3 here Table shows the list of existing medium scale industries up to 31-3-2008. Insert Table 4 here The District has only one industrial area and it is located at Shivally Manipal, about 5 kms from Udupi town. There are 3 industrial estates one at Shivally, Manipal in Udupi Taluk and the others at Koteshwara in Kundapur Taluk and Karkala in Karkala Taluk. The District has ports at Malpe, Gangolly and Hangarakatte. But these ports are not used for commercial transportation, for commercial transportation the nearest port is New Mangalore port at Mangalore. The District has the nearest aerodrome at Mangalore Capacity utilization in a sample survey conducted at Udupi District. The study is based on data collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected from 85 Small Scale Industrial Units situated in an around the Udupi District. Table 5 shows the Capacity Utilization-Industry Group Classfication. Insert Table 5 here Table 5 shows that out of 85-sample units, 4 units (5%) utilized up to 25% while 13 units (15%) utilized between 26 to 50% of their capacities. 39 units (46%) utilized between 51 and 75% of their capacities and the remaining 29 (34%) utilized above 75%. It can be seen that nearly 20% of the sample units were not in a position to exceed 50% of their capacities. Insert Table 6 here Table 6 depict the capacity utilization of the units based on their location i.e. whether they are located in industrial estates, commercial area, residential area or non-residential area. Out of 55 units which were located in industrial estates 12 units (23%) used their installed capacities upto 50% only. In the case of units located in commercial area 2 out of 15 units (13%), residential areas 3 out of 9 (33%) and non residential areas all the 6 units utilizes more than 50% of their installed capacities. Insert table 7 here An attempt has been made to examine the direct reasons for utilizing the capacity to the fullest extent. The various reasons indicated by the entrepreneurs are presented in Table 7. Inadequate market demand and inadequate working capital were equally predominant reasons. 45 out of 85 entrepreneurs stated the above reasons. Irregular and inadequate power supply, reported by 13 entrepreneurs. Inadequate work force (12units), 8 units facing problems from brand products, 8 entrepreneurs stated other reasons like excess tax, technological problems etc. and inadequate raw material reported by 4 entrepreneurs. Out of 4 units which were utilizing their capacity upto 25 percent only 2 stated inadequate working capital as the reason for not utilizing their capacities while 2 units indicated inadequate market demand as the reasons. In the case of ancillaries, mother unit not buying as per the stipulated terms was reported by few units. Thirteen units utilized their capacity between 26 and 50 percent. Among these inadequate market demand appears to be the major problem compared to inadequate working capital. In the third category, 39 units utilized their capacities between 51 and 75 percent. Inadequate market demand posed a big problem compared to the problem of inadequate working capital. The former was reported by 15 units whereas the latter by 5 units. Inadequate workforce and irregular and inadequate supply of power were mentioned by 5 units each and 6 units stated other reasons. Among 29 units which were utilizing above 51 percent of their capacities on an average 5 each were facing the problems of inadequate working capital, inadequate workforce, inadequate market demand, problem of raw material supply, power cut, problems from branded products and other reasons were mentioned by three and two units respectively. The above analysis shows that the problems vary from unit to unit. The reasons could be the different types of growing needs. The analysis indicates that units at both lowest and highest extremes largely faced the problem of finance, whereas the units at medium level mostly faced the problem of marketing. In order of assess the impact, capacity utilisation was taken as the criterion in this study. The capacity utilisation level was divided into four categories: up to 25 percent, between 26 and 50 percent, between 51 and 75 percent, and above 75 percent. The capacity utilisation was examined vis a vis other variable which included the industry group to which they belonged, location of the unit, year of establishment, form of organization, investment in plant and machinery, age of the unit, background of the entrepreneur. The analysis of the study reveals that only 20 percent of the sample units were not in a position to exceed 50 percent of their capacities. But 65 percent of the sample units were unable to reach the 75 percent of their installed capacity. The study of Small Scale Units makes it clear that the form of organization, the area of location, investment in plant and machinery, the background of entrepreneur etc do not influence capacity utilisation. But the various reasons indicated by entrepreneurs say inadequate market demand, inadequate working capital, inadequate raw material inadequate workforce, power failure and competition from branded products were reasons for the underutilization of installed capacity. SUGGESTIONS In order to overcome the bottlenecks faced by the small-scale units following measures are recommended. Inadequate market demand and inadequate working capital are the major problems confronted by the small-scale units. Marketing problem includes inadequate market demand, fluctuations in demand, competition from large industrial units and etc. To solve the problem of inadequate or fluctuating market demand the Government agencies must give small entrepreneurs periodical training and educate them about modern marketing, using flexible pricing, promotion, incentive and other methods to increase demand including the different uses for the same product. Management Institutions can also extend their help to the small-scale units to modernize their marketing techniques. To solve the working capital problem it is better to take the help of professional financial experts say chartered accountants and cost accountants. As well as Institutes like Chartered Accountants or Cost Accountants and Financial Management Institutes should extend their assistance to the small-scale units. Proper manpower planning and adequate wages and salaries can overcome inadequate workforce. Power failure, inadequate supply of power, and load shedding must be avoided. Due to various reasons the Electricity Corporation is not able to prevent their occurrence. The concerned Governments should take interest to improve the power supply. Alternative sources of energy may be made available to the small-scale industries as a part of the National Energy Policy. Other causes such as excessive sales tax, procedural delays and practices can be removed by streamlining the tax structure and the office methods followed. CONCLUSION The cost and value of small-scale industries could benefit a large section of our countrys population, if the resources and efforts of small-scale industries could be more productively used. It is common knowledge that on the one hand surpluses generated are far below normal expectations and on the other obsolescence and industrial sickness among small scale industries threaten to become a net drain. Although the awareness of these issues is now more widespread, the problem of social and economic insecurity prevents effective measures from bringing about the change. The subject of fuller utilisation of capacity, modernization and productivity thus tend to be obscured. But the punishment for inaction will be very heavy. To avoid it the need to change now becomes imperative and unavoidable. Lack of real consultants is adding to the problem. The so called consultants who exist in large numbers, tend to indicate every project as viable as otherwise it affects their own viability and existence. They make every project a success on paper and in reality hardly 20% of the projects register success. The practice of starting enterprise based on exemptions and subsidies is adding to the problem. Thus a deep study of the capacity utilization in small industries is a crying need. The government policy also needs review in the interest of promoting fuller growth of small-scale units and making them viable. In the present study an attempt has been made to examine the capacity utilisation of small-scale industries in Udupi district and the reasons for not utilizing the capacity into the fuller extent. Capacity utilisation was examined taking into account the location of the unit, the industry group to which it belonged, year of establishment, form of organization, investment in plant and machinery, the entrepreneurs background and reasons indicated by the entrepreneur. Now in this era of socio-economic transformation and favorable conditions it is the turn of small-scale industries to rise to the occasion and tell the society that they are capable of producing results.

Robert Jordans Wheel of Time :: Robert Jordan Wheel of Time

Robert Jordan's Wheel of Time â€Å"The Wheel of Time turns, and Ages come and pass, leaving memories that become legend. Legend fades to myth, and even myth is long forgotten when the Age that gave it birth comes again. In one Age, called the Third Age by some, an Age yet to come, an Age long past, a wind rose in the Mountains of Mist. The wind was not the beginning. There are neither beginnings nor endings to the turning of the Wheel of Time. But it was a beginning.† (Jordan, 1). In the world of Robert Jordan’s bestselling fantasy series, "The Wheel of Time", the life of the ordinary people has been undergoing some extraordinary changes. The legendary Dragon has been Reborn, and the Last Battle to decide the fate of humanity draws nigh. Meanwhile, outside of this world sit millions of readers, from all reaches of life, waiting anxiously for the next chapter in the story to be told. They debate what has happened, what it means in the context of the story, what it means for the future of the Wheel, as well as how it impacts their lives’. The Wheel of Time is a world where absolute good battles absolute evil, and yet shades of grey cloud the landscape. A world of hope and despair, a world of peace and war. From this world a following has grown. People from different cultures, different languages, and different political ideologies gravitate together forming a cohesive group that helps to spread the word about the work of Robert Jordan. In much the same manner that J.R.R. Tolkien created a myth for the modern ages with his saga "The Lord of the Rings" and George Lucas has done with his "Star Wars" series of movies, so has Robert Jordan entered into the realm of mythology with his work "The Wheel of Time". And this myth, like those which have come recently, and those from antiquity, has created a community of followers around it. They are drawn together initially because of a personal interest, and they stay not only for that interest, but because of the community that grows as a result of engaging themselves with this story. The world of the Wheel is one that is beginning to see turmoil when it is first introduced to the readers. Winter is holding on much longer than it should, and there is fear in the air (Jordan Eye 11). Robert Jordan's Wheel of Time :: Robert Jordan Wheel of Time Robert Jordan's Wheel of Time â€Å"The Wheel of Time turns, and Ages come and pass, leaving memories that become legend. Legend fades to myth, and even myth is long forgotten when the Age that gave it birth comes again. In one Age, called the Third Age by some, an Age yet to come, an Age long past, a wind rose in the Mountains of Mist. The wind was not the beginning. There are neither beginnings nor endings to the turning of the Wheel of Time. But it was a beginning.† (Jordan, 1). In the world of Robert Jordan’s bestselling fantasy series, "The Wheel of Time", the life of the ordinary people has been undergoing some extraordinary changes. The legendary Dragon has been Reborn, and the Last Battle to decide the fate of humanity draws nigh. Meanwhile, outside of this world sit millions of readers, from all reaches of life, waiting anxiously for the next chapter in the story to be told. They debate what has happened, what it means in the context of the story, what it means for the future of the Wheel, as well as how it impacts their lives’. The Wheel of Time is a world where absolute good battles absolute evil, and yet shades of grey cloud the landscape. A world of hope and despair, a world of peace and war. From this world a following has grown. People from different cultures, different languages, and different political ideologies gravitate together forming a cohesive group that helps to spread the word about the work of Robert Jordan. In much the same manner that J.R.R. Tolkien created a myth for the modern ages with his saga "The Lord of the Rings" and George Lucas has done with his "Star Wars" series of movies, so has Robert Jordan entered into the realm of mythology with his work "The Wheel of Time". And this myth, like those which have come recently, and those from antiquity, has created a community of followers around it. They are drawn together initially because of a personal interest, and they stay not only for that interest, but because of the community that grows as a result of engaging themselves with this story. The world of the Wheel is one that is beginning to see turmoil when it is first introduced to the readers. Winter is holding on much longer than it should, and there is fear in the air (Jordan Eye 11).

to become a member :: essays research papers

this is it I love you and am sending you a letter tomorrow.I want you to know I am sorry.Please, listen I will give you my address but DO NOT write b/c of parents. I will also give you my # but I will call you.I am sorry.Thank you though for believing in me and trusting me.Your an angel. I am not completely over last nights disagreement and don't want to cause any problems over it. I know what I put you through last night and I understand where you are coming from on the issue but I don't think you know or understand where I stand and what I percieve. I have been in your position several times and know how angry you get and how frusterating it is. But before I always thought like you did, until I got into the opposite position and trust me, it is miserable. Either way I go about it, I am still wrong. It is a long and complicated thing to get over because I can't express my feelings and I can't hold them back either. It will drive me insane if I do and if I don't. What will become of it, i don't know, but I won't stop loving you regardless. I do believe in fate and have for a long time, and whatever you have been thinking about I would like to hear it. I won't mention the arguement again and hopefully I will get over it and we can move on. I have a hair apointment at 11:00 and my wax apointment at 1:00 but hopefully I will be able to send you one more email before tonight. I love you dave honestly but at the moment I am feeling really down and discouraged. Please don'ttake my comments wrong and try to understand. I am sorry and I did overreact but I know you think I appologized for my thoughts and perceptions and that I didn't do. I love you too. I justwant to drop the whole arguement and deal with it by myself. I can work through it and then we can be back to normal. I am really scared of losing you too. But I don't know what to do, or how to do it, and especially not how to cope alone. I will work it out for you, for us, though. I love you and don't forget that.

Extreme Sports Essay

The X Games is one of the more popular sporting events, where people gather to watch athletes compete in extreme sports. Some of these sports include skateboarding, mountain biking and motorcycle racing. The community around extreme sports can sometimes be seen as exclusive and particular when it comes to defining what an extreme sport is and who is a true extremist. Originally, I believe the extreme sport community created this division of athletics because they thought their sports did not fit in at a standard sporting event. Part of the reason some the extreme athletes participate in their sport is because they see it as a way of defying the boundaries of what is seen as a typical sport. Most extreme sports are about pushing limits. Extreme sports are not conventional in the sense that practicing isn’t really necessary, a coach isn’t necessary, and the sports are very individualistic. Some of the extreme sport athletes do it for the adrenaline rush. They do it purely for themselves. Their reasoning contrasts to some of the other sports where lots of practice and coaching is essential for success. A lot of the athletes that compete in non extreme sports are focused on getting sponsors or when you’re younger, getting recruited for college. For the extreme sport community this is considered to be feeding into the capitalist society/culture. Part of extreme sports is about taking risks and not having anything to fall back on. The X games have put a strain on the extreme sports community because some seem to think that the event has altered the true goal of the sport, which is to take risks and to go against the mainstream culture. Some people seem to believe that it has become like the other sporting events, in the sense that there are now big sponsors and judges. They argue that the extreme athletes are no longer taking risks because they want to make sure they can land the trick. The goal is no longer to try new tricks and push the bar, but its more about doing what you know will please the judges. This goes against what extremist originally wanted for the sport. It takes the risk  out of it and you no longer do it for yourself but for the judges. The fact that there are sponsors is also a cause for controversy because some people see it as the athletes being sellouts. For example, Tony Hawk is famous skate boarder. He has a lot of sponsors, video games, and ads. Some say he is no longer a true extremist because of it. At the same time, what makes the sports in the X games more extreme than say diving or gymnastics? Both sports are very individualistic and there is a lot of a risk, yet they are not seen as extreme sports. I think the extreme sports community has tried to make their community too exclusive and extreme sports benefit from the X games and the sponsors and judges it brings. The event does bring aspects that were not originally a part of the sport, but the extreme sports community will grow now. Extremist can still continue to push limits and do the sport for themselves despite what others may think.

History of Calculus Essay

Calculus is an integral part of the mathematics world. Various mathematicians coming from all parts of the world have shaped this theorem but the two main contributors are Sir Isaac Newton and Wilhelm Von Leibniz. The reason they are considered the inventors of Calculus is because they were able to give a unified approach to tangent and area problems unlike the others who used specific methods. Both of these mathematicians developed general concepts Newton was associated with the fluxion and the fluent as for Leibniz, he produced the differential and the integral. Isaac Newton was a self-taught mathematic student who studied at Trinity College in Cambridge starting in 1661. He shaped his work in optics, celestial mechanics and mathematics, including calculus. His early work consisted of Analysis with Infinite Series in 1669 but his most famous work is the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy published in 1687. Newton only introduced his notions of calculus in detail until the years 1704 to 1736. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German who at first, concentrated on the topics of philosophy and law but was introduced to advanced mathematics during a brief stay at the University of Jena in 1663. He worked on his calculus from 1673 to 1676 and revealed his work on differential calculus in 1684 with the integral calculus in 1686. There has been much controversy over who deserves the credit for the primary inventor of Calculus. Some say since Newton started his work earlier, Leibniz may have plagiarized some of the work. Others explain that Leibniz worked on his theories alone and published his work before Newton. This rift destroyed Leibniz who left the world with almost no one by his side, while Newton was glorified. It is important to state that Leibniz concepts were easier to use and that the name of the theorem is due to him. He also created the symbols used for differentiation and integration. Needless to say, it is due to both of their incredible work that millions of people have discovered the complex and interesting world of calculus!

Heroes Speech

When I was a kid, my super hero was Superman, I kind of admired him because I thought it would be cool to be able to fly and to have super-human strength, but the main reason why I liked Superman is because he helped people, no matter what. According to Times Magazine, we have become a society that is centered on self, self-gratification, self-motivation, self-indulgence, and it has been a driving force in developed countries since decades now; and as a result, we are witnesses to the slow death of the Hero.Today I want to tell you a little bit about how we define what a hero is , what it takes to be a hero, and how you and I can help refresh the effects of heroisme. So lets start with how we define what a heroe is. The definitions of a hero, according to â€Å"El Libro de los Heroes† says that â€Å"A hero is a person noted for feets of courage and ability of purpose, specially the one who risks or sacrifices his or her life†, but it goes on to say that its a person no tused for special achievement on a particular field, such as the heroes of medicine.Basically, agreeing with the â€Å"World Hero Association† a hero is someone who for whatever reason or reasons does something for somebody else without thinking about themselves, personal gane, and in some cases personal endangerment . So who are these heros? I mean where are they? For real, where are they? Well, we see them everyday. Heroes come in all shapes and sizes, they are doctors, and nurses, and soldiers, firefighters and police officers, but they are also teachers, and mothers, and fathers, and care-givers, and social-workers, and YOU, that’s right, YOU.You have the potential to be a hero, you have what it takes to be a hero. You see, comic books mostly represent exagerated heroes in capes with symbols, and give them super human powers to make them larger than life, but I’m here to tell you that you don’t really need the cape, its just for show, and you don†™t really need the symbol. We watch movies like The Lorf of The Rings, where, you know, we see all the action going on with the sword play; but sometimes we miss the hidden messages within that say â€Å"you can be a hero even if you think your weak and powerless, you don’t have to jump over tall buildings†.The news only highlights the tramatic acts of heroism like Hurricane Katrina or September 11th, this implies that in order for you to be a hero you must put yourself in danger. But that could not be farther from the truth. The turth is that ANYONE has the potential to be a Hero all you need are two factors One, you need opportunity. And two, you need initiative. So lets say that all of us in this room go out and start looking for those opportunities, and we start noticing things where we can give help, and then we start taking that initiative.We could start the chain reaction that spreads the sparks of heroism. Heroism is a powerful thing. Anyone at anytime and ha s the potential to be a hero anywhere. They can be that person who helps that lady carry her grocers to her car, or the employ who stays late to help a coworker get something done. These are the characteristics of a hero that we should all embrace and be willing to make our own. We need to encourage heroic traits because it will benefit society as a whole, but ourselves as well in the process.At the Berkeley â€Å"THDM† there is an article called â€Å"We can be Heroes† and they wrap it up by saying â€Å"If we loose the ability of imagine ourselves as heroes, our society will be cored for, but if we can re-connect with this ideals, we can create a connection with a hero within ourselves. † So to sum up, the â€Å"Urban Dictionary† defines a hero as someone admired for their achievements and qualities, but what is a hero for you?For me a hero is someone who touches our lives in a personal way and does not do it for themselves. Now more than ever we need h eros, we need to be those heros. And if we start looking for those opportunities and start stepping forward and taking that initiative. We can make the difference. Heros come and heros go, heros die and some heros have grown old, for someone you know and someone you don’t be that hero.

Environmental Factors Influencing Alton Towers Uk Tourism Essay Essay

It was a challenge for me to work on this project, because it is a learning process for me that how, I could tackle this question therefore I collected primary and secondary data for my project and try my best to analyze the whole situation and produce a good Peace of work. I gather information about Theme parks called Alton tower. After getting the brief knowledge about this theme park and their strength and weaknesses, through assess to Alton tower website. With the help of some good secondary data such as different website and books sources. I used some marketing strategies such as segmentation which is used to target different types of consumers and it will help to find out how this theme park can do something new among other competitor further I did a pest analyses , created a good pricing strategies which will help this theme parks to do long term planning and allow them to face different threats and problems in a defendable way . Political factor effect very much because Government changes frequently and every Government makes it own policy, which cancel or postponed the previous policies and new policies are implemented, which start their work from zero point and all the previous work and policies result fruitless. Such as theme park might have problems in pricing strategies , if Taxes increasing , expensive increasing , timing factor etc so due to this it can influence the theme park negatively . On other hand if government policies are in the favor of business sector so might be possible that it will help Alton Tower and they can earn more profit margins ,Such as recently UK government has reduce the VAT value added tax which will increase the demand of costumers coming towards theme parks more so this show that it’s a good step taken by government in favor of business sector. . Government Development When it comes to development so government some time can play a vital role in improving the society standard such as government can give funds to theme parks or provide good facilities for people who comes over there for  enjoyments such built sitting area , emergency help desk , locater and maps of London in theme parks for tourists . Environmental protection and regulation To protect the environment government always force the theme park management to be stick on this issue and aware there costumers to follow the regulation such as left eating items , garbic , should be through in dustbins and whole theme park should be Cover up by dustbins . Cars should be not allowed in theme parks they should have separate parking yard due to pollution which is spoiling the environment . Government should put billboards of Environmental protection and regulation on entrance of theme parks to aware people. Contract enforcing law over costumer’s safety. In this factor government will always try their best to make sure that theme parks are having good safety precaution for costumers and whole theme parks is fully covered by CCTV so that they can defend in good way against any dangerous situation. Economical Inflation In this factor if the price increase over all the UK and there is high amount of inflation in country so this will affect the theme park, because there will be a decrease in public spending due to inflation . further if inflation is rising so there will be increase in cost of theme parks such as expenses will rise up , therefore theme park will have no other option left and they will increase their tickets price also . Economic development If the Alton theme parks does a good business ever year such as many people or tourist love to come to UK for enjoyment and in this case Alton theme  park Is a good example of entertainment and many people would like to visit it due to this it will have a positive impact over economic conditions of UK, such as there will be increase in GDP , Globalization will increase and there will be a big boom in tourist industry . Employment Alton theme park is place which is full of entertainment and in this case many people want to visit it in different seasons such as summer vacations is a good season in which theme parks are fully crowded . To handle that demand of people Alton theme park will need workers in their organization every year . Theme park can play a vital role in seasonal employment which is good for economic growth because unemployment will be reduced. Mac Gee (2004) Pg 415, (themeparks UK, 2008), titley, b.pg 378 (1993). Social Life style changes When we talk about life style so now days different people have different life style . According to people they want something new in life so therefore they decide to have some good vacations or holidays so that they can stay relax for some time in such busy world , so theme park like Alton can play a vital role in changing life style of people this theme park can allow people to stay relax and have peace in their life such as it has good atmosphere , hotel nice fun place for family and couples . Population and age population and growth rate is a very important factor which can influence any business in a positive or negative way and when it comes to theme park like Alton tower , they need costumers so that they can have good business growth and UK has a good population which is helpful to this theme park and in this population theme parks are more attractive towards kids around 10 to 15 or  teen agers so this will help Alton theme parks to do segmentation of people who can be interested in theme parks and then they can target generation X (10-16 ) and Y (16 – 20 ) .more . Living conditions This is factor which Alton theme park should focus more because this theme parks have hotel arrangements for costumers therefore they have to be perfect in keeping good Quaintly standard living conditions so that customers are satisfied in a good way and once costumers are happy form there services this will help to improve theme parks image and good growth in sales what is pest analysis. (2008).

Satyricon Essay Example

Satyricon Essay Example Satyricon Essay Satyricon Essay The Satyricon, like many other works written in the time of early Ancient Rome, is a narrative whose author is not known definitively. However, the best candidate from the time was Titus Petronius (Arbiter). The story, looking especially from the scene â€Å"Dinner with Trimalchio,† is a satiric masterwork of the pragmatic and materialistic attitude of the time, soon to be replaced by Christianity. â€Å"Dinner with Trimalchio† tells a tale from the perspective of Encolpius, a vagabond student of the master Agamemnon, who is invited along as a pupil of Agamemnon to a banquet. The host of the banquet is Gaius Trimalchio, who was once a slave but now a freedman millionaire, who worked hard to attain his power and wealthy status. Trimalchio is known for throwing elegant and overly extravagant dinner parties complete with exotic foods and fine wines. This banquet, however, takes a turn for the worst when Trimalchio, who is superstitious and very obsessed with his own death, begins describing in detail his tomb in which he will be buried, which is overly grandiose, and even goes as far as bringing out his will. Quickly the dinner party turns into a drunken circus, eventually coming to a conclusion after the guests, solely to tickle his fancy, act out Trimalchio’s funeral. ?I believe, in discord with critic John Wright, that Petronius in fact had a moral purpose for writing The Satyricon. Furthermore, I feel that there are underlying cultural traits that support ideas of divisions of social classes, the value of education, and the love of material wealth. Because Petronius colloquially writes about serious topics including exposing blindness to spiritual values, distrust of the intellect, and preoccupation with the awareness of being cheated by one’s neighbor, some critics do not accept that he is writing on a much more incisive level. ? Petronius, in my opinion, wrote The Satyricon as a call for change in Roman society. Through his satirical writing, he specifically harps on the cultural traits of the time. For example, the man-centered society seems to be unjust and unequal for the women of the social order. Classical gender roles make the women behave as if they are second-class citizens, being grateful to be in the presence of a powerful male figure; where in actuality, Fortunata, Trimalchio’s wife, sold her jewelry to finance Trimalchio’s first wine selling business, which is how he made his millions. Without the help and generosity of Fortunata, Trimalchio would, himself, be a second-class citizen who struggles to pay for daily bread, like most of the poor lower-class Romans.? Another way Petronius exemplifies his purpose of writing this story is showing the importance of education in ancient Rome during the time, and how the culture valued it so much. Agamemnon, the scholarly teacher and friend of Trimalchio, is very well respected by the populace of the story. There is one passage in particular where Trimalchio tries to spark a conversation with Agamemnon about the stores of Hercules and Ulysses wherein Trimalchio makes obvious to Agamemnon that he is not well read in Homer’s literature, yet pretends to be. Trimalchio questions, ? â€Å"Do you remember the twelve labours of Hercules and the story of Ulysses- how the Cyclops tore out his thumb with a pair of pincers. I used to read about them in Homer, when I was a boy. In fact I actually saw the Sibyl at Cumae with my own eyes dangling in a bottle. †? This unintelligent miscue may not be noticed amongst the banquets’ crowd of guests, but among the educated individuals familiar with Homer’s work who will later reflect on the satirical comedy of the situation.? Perhaps one of Petronius’ most important reasons for writing The Satyricon is to show the evilness behind coveting material things and worshiping false idols. Trimalchio’s love for money and material wealth makes him stand out in the city, but as suggested by Petronius, for the wrong reasons. His taste for fine wines and glamorous cuisine at the lavish parties he throws- mainly to show off his great prosperity- is particularly revolting thought, knowing Trimalchio could easily share his riches with the hungry and suffering people of his city. Trimalchio does not know any god other than Mercury, the patron of business operations. He has dedicated a gold bracelet, worth one tenth of his total savings, to Mercury’s honor; but instead of depositing it into a shrine of the god, he wears it on his arm. Clearly Trimalchio is not humbled by the great fortune with which he is blessed. Petronius’ remarkable argument is that people, if fortunate enough to be as prosperous as Trimalchio, should not invest their savings in materialistic things and live o nicely, yet they should give back to those in need; for the true treasures in life are not made of gold and silver, it is more important to be spiritually rich. ? As for not having a moral purpose for writing such a profound satirical piece, I cannot agree with the critics. I accept the idea that Petronius was using this work as a tool for individuals to better themselves in cultural ways of thinking, the acceptance of others, and grow introspectively with consideration of the ideals of humility.

Durkheim and Social Fact Essay Example

Durkheim and Social Fact Essay Example Durkheim and Social Fact Essay Durkheim and Social Fact Essay Emile Durkheim’s The Rules of Sociological Method posits the being of assorted social facts’ which. harmonizing to him. should be the range of all sociological survey and discourse. Durkheim’s discourse defines societal facts as. †¦a class of facts with really typical features: it consists of ways of moving. thought and feeling. external to the person. and endowed with a power of coercion. by ground of which they control him. ( Durkheim 3 ) Therefore the three chief characteristics of societal facts are surfaced ; as being external to the person. emanating from a general and higher degree than the person and that these coerce or force an person to move in conformity to them for the intent of control. These facts. harmonizing to Durkheim. must be considered things. which he defines as worlds that may be observed and classified. These things are posited to be on the degree of society. wholly outside the kingdom of the person and are used to command a person’s ideas. actions and experiencing from being otherwise. Should a individual garbage to subject to this coercion. he would happen himself the object of negative reactions runing from ridicule. isolation or even concrete penalty or countenance. The deductions of this definition ab initio cast sociology’s field of survey as all-encompassing. mentioning to all worlds and procedures of human life and behaviour. therefore Durkheim seeks to clear up and set up the significance of the form social’ as opposed to other adjectives such as biological’ . psychological’ and philosophical’ . Each single drinks. slumbers. chows. grounds ; and it is society’s involvement that these maps be exercised in an orderly mode. If so. all these facts are counted as social facts. sociology would hold no capable affair entirely its ain. and its sphere would be confused with biological science and psychological science. ( Durkheim 1 ) As mentioned above. Durkheim perceives the societal fact as the range of sociological survey. and uses other Fieldss of survey to demo what sociology should underline. Biological facts and survey trade with features of the physical organic structure of a individual and are hence non societal. since the demand to follow these facts ( such as kiping. feeding and external respiration ) emanate from the physiological demands of an being to last. Psychological survey trades with thought procedures and phenomena that occur within an individual’s consciousness. Durkheim posits that social’ facts emanate non from one person’s consciousness nor from a person’s physiological demands. but from the degree of society itself. †¦ this term [ societal ] fits them rather good. for it is clear that. since their beginning is non the person. their substrate can be no other than society. ( Durkheim 3 ) Another deduction of his definition is that societal facts exist merely with the presence of societal establishments which enforce them and make them. For Durkheim. it is imperative to clear up that in most instances a societal establishment exists with the societal fact. but it must non be thought that for a societal fact to be. a societal establishment must be present to hold created it. Rather. the contrary of the causing is in topographic point. Social facts create societal establishments which enforce and perpetuate them. but there are besides other societal facts which do non necessitate the presence of an establishment to approve them. Durkheim defines such deinstitutionalized societal facts as social currents’ . They come to each one of us from without and carry us off in malice of ourselves. ( 4 ) He uses the illustration of crowd euphory and feeling to exemplify these. Social facts are farther classified into the normal’ and the pathological’ . Durkheim classifies societal facts under these two classs in order to exemplify the coercive nature of societal facts and how society has been shaped to perpetuate and implement them. Normal societal facts refer to those which conform to given standards while pathological societal facts refer to those which ought’ to be different ( Durkheim 47 ) . Normal societal facts are those most widely happening in the society in inquiry and map in such a manner that their presence maintains societal order and accepted societal life. Durkheim farther posited that for a societal fact to be considered normal. it would lend to the wellness of a society. as mentioned earlier. it maintains accepted societal procedures. it promotes and is of course consistent with recognized societal norms. The obscure nature of this definition and its subjectiveness was borne from Durkheim’s end of seeking to contextualize and take into consideration the diverseness of societal life across different civilizations and societies. This implies the being of facts that are produced to command people to move in conformity to accepted norms and values. and the being of facts whose intent is to exemplify what is a divergence from the previously-mentioned recognized norms and values. The feature of societal facts that posits a force that coerces people to adhere to them is what required Durkheim to do this classification. He defined societal facts as things. as worlds. and therefore he would seek to specify the normal and the unnatural things and worlds that are placed under the sphere of what are considered social’ . If societal facts exist outside the person and are imposed upon him. what of the phenomenon that occur which are divergences from the norm. how are these to be explained as sociological when they do non adhere to society? Pathological societal facts are therefore things or worlds that occur in less instances than the normal societal facts to demo that these things are what are considered abnormal’ or have some signifier of morbidity’ that characterizes them as divergences. Durkheim compared this analogy with physiological surveies. which first trade with a healthy. normal’ human organic structure and so would analyze the abnormalities’ of the organic structure. the possible symptoms and causes of illness or morbidity’ . As the physiologist surveies diseases within the human organic structure. so does a sociologist survey the pathological or morbid’ phenomenon that occurs outside the individual’s consciousness. Another statement that Durkheim presents in specifying the normal societal fact is that normal’ phenomena are frequently present non because of societal norms and values but because of logical necessity. He argues that normal facts differ across species. but these facts are present largely because the species has to accommodate to its environment and are necessary ( Durkheim 60 ) Rejecting other definitions of normal facts. Durkheim posited that normal facts are comparative to the specific species in inquiry during a specific clip in its evolutional stage. Normal facts are hence non lasting nor are they cosmopolitan. He emphasizes this because of his old statements that because of the normality and frequence of these facts they are attributed to be superior in nature. Durkheim decides what constitutes normal’ societal facts by measuring the causal conditions that govern a certain fact. If. at a certain point in the society’s development. the societal fact is acceptable. so the fact is normal. An illustration would be the pattern of a miss inquiring a male child to prosecute in a societal. romantic relationship with her. In these modern times. this is considered a normal fact because of the rise of female authorization and liberalism. However. if this societal fact was to be classified during the Renaissance period. it would hold been classified as unnatural. because adult females did non bask authorization or the same power they enjoy today. A societal fact’s nature is intrinsic to society’s norms and causal maps that create it at a certain point in clip. and non with the broadness of happening or moral acceptableness. Durkheim takes into history how societal facts may alter their nature as normal and pathological over clip. particularly through the procedure of development. After holding established by observation that a peculiar fact is general. he will travel back to the conditions which determined this generalization in the yesteryear and will so look into whether these conditions are still given in the present or if. on contrary they have changed. ( Durkheim 61 ) Contention between the two types of societal fact and the unsmooth definition that Durkheim posited may be seen in the presence of offense within a society. Crime. at first glimpse would be characterized as a pathological societal fact. as it would have morbidity and abnormalcy. This is a common perceptual experience that all criminologists would adhere to. However. offense is posited by Durkheim as a normal societal fact. Durkheim showed that offense is present in all societies but in different signifiers. as normal and pathological facts differ across societies and evolutionary stages ( 65 ) . He farther stated that even in societies where offense rate is high and incidences rampant. a alteration may happen depending on the future province of the society which will decrease the rate of normality of offense ( 66 ) . Crime for Durkheim is separate and different from condemnable behaviour and condemnable Acts of the Apostless. since these are able to be explained on degrees other than on the societal. Therefore Durkheim posited that the act of making a condemnable title is non what is normal. but the presence of offense within society which is normal ( 67 ) . The presence of divergences from the norm may be seen in all societies. but since the act in itself is brought about by psychological grounds and other factors that may be evident on the single degree. condemnable behaviour may be portion sociological and portion psychological. Crime is posited to be variant and subjective across civilizations and societies. and is ever present no affair how stiff the norms in a society are. Crime is defined in a society based on the norms and values it holds in importance. Durkheim’s collective conscience’ that governs society is what is held responsible for specifying the condemnable act. Again. in an attempt to take into history the diverseness of societies. Durkheim posits offense as subjective and dependent on societal norms. with the degree of tolerance of the society in inquiry ordering what is considered offense and what is considered deviant or funny behaviour worthy or mere ridicule and oddness. Crime is ever present in any society no affair how ordered and stiff it is. but with the higher control nowadays in a society. the degree of the edification of offense and the elaborateness and attempt used in perpetrating a condemnable act additions every bit good. in relation to the trouble in offense committee. Statisticss may so be inferred by the pupil to be one concrete manifestation of a societal fact because of its nature of depicting tendencies and societal phenomenon. but Durkheim posited otherwise. He posited that statistics is used to stand for the collective mind’ which is the amount of the single instances that adhere to societal facts. whether normal or pathological. Statistics is used to insulate these specific tendencies. Though single instances no uncertainty have other extenuating biological and psychological factors for happening. statistics provides a manner to neutralize or extinguish the individualistic factors that may represent the instances as non within the kingdom of sociology. Durkheim justifies the normality of offense in a given society by mentioning that there is non society where offense is non present. Condemnable Acts of the Apostless are ever regarded with negative sentiments in any society ( Durkheim 66 ) . However. Durkheim showed that the presence of offense affirms the normal societal facts. that it enforces the normal by bing as a beginning of penalty for its ain committee. In a society that has the strictest and most stiff construction of regulations and normal fact that must be adhered to at all times. offense is non wholly eliminated but really more evident. more frowned-upon and more to a great extent sanctioned. Therefore. the presence of offense is considered normal and the committee of condemnable Acts of the Apostless is pathological. With all this said about the societal fact. the thought of a social system’ would make some contentions. Social facts are thought to emanate from the social degree through a corporate consciousness. where the person is forced to conform and adhere to. A societal system would connote that the relationship between persons and society would non be so additive and nonreversible. A societal system would connote that as society exerts a force on the person. so does an single upon society. Durkheim’s collective consciousness’ would so be debunked as an semblance which is perpetuated in society. A systems model for sociological survey would so take into consideration the consequence of persons in society as societal establishments and constructions that are composed of persons. Durkheim’s theory on societal fact would so be debunked as emanating from an semblance and would lose its objectiveness and its feature of being grounded on world. Durkheim. Emile. The Rules of Sociological Method. New York: The Free Press. 1938.

Free Essays on Jungle (Setting)

The Jungle is a documentary about the unfair treatment of workers and the unsanitary conditions of a meat packing plant. The facilities that are described in Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle showed the attitude of the people who lived in Packingtown. Jurgis Rudkus was the main character in The Jungle. The house, the meat packing plant, and the saloon all had significant meanings in the book. All three of the establishments affected the family of Jurgis and the people of Packingtown in ways that would change their lives. Jurgis was affected the most of any characters by the establishments. Jurgis was affected by all three of the settings. Jurgis was a Lithuanian immigrant who came to Chicago looking for the American dream. Jurgis was engaged when he came to America, he married a young woman by the name of Ona shortly after he moved to America. The wedding is the beginning and the reason for the rough life of the family. The wedding of Jurgis and Ona puts them into a deep debt. It is customary in Lithuania for family, friends, and guest of the wedding to donate to help pay for the cost. The guest of the wedding didn’t do this and it left Jurgis and Ona with a debt of more than a hundred dollars. This is the reason that Jurgis, Ona and the rest of their immediate family work so hard throughout the story. Jurgis and Ona worked many jobs to try to pay the off the debt of the wedding. Jurgis and Ona both worked hard to pay the debt, that’s one of the reasons why a strain is put on their family life. Jurgis and his family are a part of the working class under capitalism in Packingtown. Capitalism is when a few control the bulk of the m... Free Essays on Jungle (Setting) Free Essays on Jungle (Setting) The Jungle is a documentary about the unfair treatment of workers and the unsanitary conditions of a meat packing plant. The facilities that are described in Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle showed the attitude of the people who lived in Packingtown. Jurgis Rudkus was the main character in The Jungle. The house, the meat packing plant, and the saloon all had significant meanings in the book. All three of the establishments affected the family of Jurgis and the people of Packingtown in ways that would change their lives. Jurgis was affected the most of any characters by the establishments. Jurgis was affected by all three of the settings. Jurgis was a Lithuanian immigrant who came to Chicago looking for the American dream. Jurgis was engaged when he came to America, he married a young woman by the name of Ona shortly after he moved to America. The wedding is the beginning and the reason for the rough life of the family. The wedding of Jurgis and Ona puts them into a deep debt. It is customary in Lithuania for family, friends, and guest of the wedding to donate to help pay for the cost. The guest of the wedding didn’t do this and it left Jurgis and Ona with a debt of more than a hundred dollars. This is the reason that Jurgis, Ona and the rest of their immediate family work so hard throughout the story. Jurgis and Ona worked many jobs to try to pay the off the debt of the wedding. Jurgis and Ona both worked hard to pay the debt, that’s one of the reasons why a strain is put on their family life. Jurgis and his family are a part of the working class under capitalism in Packingtown. Capitalism is when a few control the bulk of the m...

The Slender Man Stabbing Case

The Slender Man Stabbing Case On May 31, 2014, 12-year-old Payton Leutner crawled out of the woods to a path where a bicyclist found her bleeding from 19 stab wounds. Leutner, who survived the attack, told authorities she was stabbed by two of her 12-year-old friends, Anissa Weier and Morgan Geyser. The two Waukesha, Wisconsin middle school students told investigators that they plotted for months to kill their friend to appease the fictional Internet character Slender Man, a paranormal figure who stalks and kidnaps children. Here are the latest developments in the Slender Man stabbing case: Slender Man Case Delayed Sept. 22, 2015 - The October trial date for the Slender Man stabbing case has been removed from the court calendar after the Wisconsin attorney generals office agreed that the decision to keep the case in adult court should be appealed. Waukesha County Circuit Judge Michael Bohren removed the trial date from his calendar after learning that Attorney General Brad Schimel supported the review by the Court of Appeals, although his office plans to defend the ruling to keep the case in adult court. Schimel said the appeal would clarify further proceedings in this litigation, and potentially protect the defendants, who were 12 years old at the time of the crime, from substantial or irreparable injury. Morgan Geyser and Anissa Weier would face up to 45 years in prison if found guilty in adult court of the stabbing of their classmate, 12-year-old Payton Leutner, who survived the attack. They are charged with attempted first-degree intentional homicide. Although Judge Bohren also postponed hearings on other motions in the case until the appeal court rules, he did agree to allow a state psychiatrist to evaluate Weier in regards to a motion from her attorney that she was not competent to waive her right to remain silent when she first spoke to detectives. Judge Enters Pleas for Slender Man Girls Aug. 21, 2015 - A county judge has entered not guilty pleas for two 13-year-old girls accused of attempted homicide in the stabbing of a classmate while the defendants in the Slender Man case - Morgan Geyser and Anissa Weier - stood mute in court. Attorneys for the two girls, who were both 12 when the crime took place, said they did not speak on their on behalf in adult court because Judge Michael Bohren has not issued his written order that denied their motion to move the case to juvenile court. Donna Kuchler, one of the attorneys for Geyser, said she wants to review the judges written order before deciding whether to appeal his decision. Kuchler and Maura McMahon, an attorney for Weier, said their clients might enter pleas of not guilty by reason of mental disease or defect. If the jury agrees that mental defects caused the stabbing, they would be sent to a mental hospital for an indefinite period of time. Geyser has been diagnosed with early onset schizophrenia. If found guilty in adult court, however, they could be sentenced up to 45 years. In juvenile court, they would have faced a maximum of three years incarceration. The exact charge against the two is attempted first-degree intentional homicide, as party to a crime, with use of a dangerous weapon for the stabbing of 12-year-old Payton Leutner in May 2014. Slender Man Case to Be Tried in Adult Court Aug. 10, 2015 - Two girls accused of stabbing a 12-year-old friend because they wanted to appease the fictional character Slender Man will go to trial in adult court rather than juvenile court, a judge has ruled. The decision means Morgan Geyser and Anissa Weier could face up to 35 years if convicted of the stabbing of their classmate Payton Leutner. In spite of testimony at separate hearings for the two defendants from psychologist who said the girls could receive better mental health treatment in the juvenile system, Judge Michael Bohren ruled that their cases will remain in adult court. The defense attorneys had also filed a motion asking that the Wisconsin law requiring adult court for juveniles if they are charged with first-degree crimes be declared unconstitutional because it can lead to cruel and unusual punishment. In juvenile court, the girls could face up to five years incarceration, but if found guilty in adult court they could be sentenced to 65 years. Judge Bohren denied that motion, ruling that although juveniles may not be as culpable for their actions as adults, that does not mean they are exempt from receiving adult sentences. Slender Man Is Real, Suspect Says June 19, 2015 - One of the Slender Man murder suspects still believes the fictional character is real and would kill again if he told her to, psychiatrists have testified. The testimony came in a hearing to determine if Morgan Geyser will be tried in juvenile or adult court. State psychiatrist Kenneth Casimir told the court that 13-year-old Geyser has early-onset schizophrenia and continues to believe Slender Man is real. Casimir said Geyers severe schizophrenia is dangerous if it remains untreated. Morgan said, Well if he told me, meaning Slender Man, if he told me to hurt more people, Id have to do it. If he told me to break into someones house and stab them, I would have to do it, Casimir testified at the hearing. Another state psychiatrist, Dr. Kenneth Robbins, told the judge that Geyser would not do well in the criminal justice system. Severe schizophrenia is predictably going to do very poorly in the criminal justice system, and we have hundreds of examples of that, Dr. Robbins testified. He also said that Geyser continues to believe that Slender Man is real. Treatment Denied for Slender Man Suspect April 24, 2015 - One of the defendants in the Slender Man stabbing case will not have her bail reduced and will not be transferred to a private facility for mental health treatment. A judge denied the request from 12-year-old Morgan Geysers attorney. During the hearing, the judge expressed concerned about Geyser being a flight risk and kept her bond at $500,000. Anthony Cotton, Geysers attorney, had requested that her bail be reduced to a signature bond. Cotton told the judge that Geyser has no friends and has no car so she would not get very far if she did try to flee. Attorney Wants Treatment for Geyser April 15, 2015 - The attorney for a 12-year-old Wisconsin girl who is charged with stabbing a classmate to appease the fictional character Slender Man wants a judge to reduce her bail and allow her to be treated for psychotic disorders at a residential treatment center. Attorney Anthony Cotton wants Morgan Geysers bail reduced to from $500,000 to a signature bond. Cotton wants his client released from a juvenile detention center in West Bend and sent to a treatment facility in Milwaukee. She would go to Milwaukee Academy, an all-girls treatment facility at her parents expense, he said. In his motion, Cotton said Geyser has been diagnoses with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders and desperately needs treatment for her mental illness. He said early treatment was critical for her ultimate prognosis. The judge is expected to rule on the bail motion on April 24. Slender Man Case Stays in Adult Court March 13, 2015 - The case of two Wisconsin girls who stabbed a classmate because they thought it would appease the fictional character Slender Man, will remain in adult court for now, a judge ruled. Judge Michael Bohren ruled that Morgan Geyser and Anissa Weier will be tried in adult court for the attempted homicide of Payton Leutner. Attorneys for both girls had requested their case be moved to juvenile court. In making his ruling, Judge Bohren allowed the defense attorneys the opportunity to seek a reverse waiver to move their cases to juvenile court on other grounds. Under Wisconsin law, the attorneys will have to show that their clients will not receive adequate treatment in the adult criminal justice system, that moving the case to juvenile court will not depreciate the seriousness of the charge, and that keeping the case in adult court would not be a deterrent to other juveniles planning to kill their peers. The judge scheduled Weiers reverse waiver hearing in May and Geysers in June. Meanwhile, videos of the interrogation of the two girls have been release in which they openly discuss their motivation to kill their classmate. Geyser told detectives that killing Leutner would allow them to live with Slender Man in his mansion in the forest. Weier told investigators that Geyser convinced her that killing Leutner was necessary and if she did not participate, Slender Man would â€Å"kill my whole family in three seconds.† Defense Wants Case in Juvenile Court Feb. 25, 2015 - Defense attorneys and prosecutors have both filed motions in Waukesha County on whether two girls who stabbed their friend in the Slender Man stabbing case should be tried in adult or juvenile court. Prosecutors argue that when Anissa Weier and Morgan Geyser lured their friend Payton Leutner into the woods, stabbed her 19 times and left her for dead after planning the crime for months, they were committing attempted first-degree homicide. According to court filings by the Waukesha County District Attorneys Office, if that is the charge they will face trial for, Wisconsin law dictates that the trial be conducted in adult court. Defense attorneys, on the other hand, argued that the two girls, who were both 12 at the time of the stabbing, should face attempted second-degree homicide charges, a count that would allow the trial to be held in juvenile court. Where the case is tried would make a huge difference in the possible sentences the girls would face. If found guilty of attempted first-degree murder in adult court, they could be sentenced to up to 65 years each in state prison. If found guilty of the lesser charge in juvenile court, they could only be held in a secure facility until they turned 25 years old. In court fillings last week, prosecutors pointed out that if the girls are tried in adult court, but found guilty of the lesser charge, Wisconsin law would allow them to be sentenced as juveniles anyway. The judge is expected to make a decision on the issue March 13. Girls Coerced by Slender Man, Attorney Says Feb. 24, 2015 - A defense attorney for one of the girls accused in the Slender Man stabbing case told a judge that his client believed the fictional character was real and would kill her whole family if she did not kill her friend. Joseph Smith Jr., attorney for Anissa Weier, asked the judge to dismiss the charge of first-degree murder against his client because the intimidation from the Slender Man character that she perceived amounted to coercion, which would justify a lesser charge. During the hearing last week, Waukesha Police Detective Michelle Trussoni testified that Weier and co-defendant Morgan Geyser, believed that their families would be in danger if they did not kill Payton Leutner. During an interview that was video taped, Weier told police, He targets children most, so I was really scared knowing that Slenderman could easily kill my whole family in three seconds. During the hearing, the court heard that the two girls had been planning the attack for five months. Originally, they planned to kill Leutner during a sleepover, but backed out. They also abandoned a plan to kill her in a park restroom where they could flush the blood down the drain, detective Trussoni testified. Finally, they decided to lure Leutner to the woods under the pretense of playing hide-and-seek. Police officer Shelly Fischer said Geyser whispered to Leutner, Im so sorry, just before the stabbing. Waukesha Detective Tom Casey, however, told the court that Geyser showed no remorse for the crime. Last weeks preliminary hearing was originally scheduled last July, but was postponed because Weier was declared incompetent. In November, she was ruled fit to stand trial.