Is Good spech

This can be seen in many areas, from the struggle for women's rights, to the oppressive e racism that caused the great Civil Right's Movement. Throughout these hard times, there have always been those who have stood up and fought for what they believed in.One of these great people woo old have to be Doctor Martin Luther King Jar. Despite the crippling racism, and the horrible treatment he faced as an African American, King stood tall and strong, leading the African Americans in the fight t gag insist racism. Time and time again he stood before crowds, protesting against the injustice they f aced. Before one of these large crowds, he gave one of the most memorable speeches in American whist ROR; his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. In his speech, he stressed how, despite all the hatred and injustice of the time, he still had a dream.His dream, across the nation, all would put aside the past and become united. His dream across the nation, men and women would not be judged by the co lor of their skin, b UT by the content of their character. His dream, despite the disdain and judgment of the time, in the futz ere across the nation everybody would be able to join hands and become brother and sister, united . His speech became an outstanding inspiration, and motivated the people to see each other as equal s, thus ending the Civil Rights Movement. King stood against injustice, and for the belief all are equals.However, in toad Yes society this still does not ring true. Does living on the street, living paycheck to paycheck, or begging for food and change seem equal to living in mansions, swimming in grand pools, and feasts Eng every day? Injustice Cushman 2 in today's society being no longer found in violence and insults, but found in if nuances. Entertainers earn far more than public servants, creating a huge inequality gap. Those who sacrifice so much, and devote themselves to doing the right thing, they struggle more than those who o focus inwards, and devote th emselves, to themselves.Statistically speaking, 23% of the homeless population is made up Of veterans, this being between 1 30,000 and 200,000 veterans without a home o n any given night. These men and women devoted their lives to America, to protecting every single India viaduct's freedom in this nation. What greater sacrifice can there be? Additionally, a recent example of annual military pay came in at $38,734. Compare this to a football athlete in the NFG who makes $1. 9 m lion annually. America is paying a man with a football jersey and helmet more than a man in a comb t helmet and uniform.America has promoted paying a man more to catch a ball, then a man who is putting his life on the line for his country. How immoral does this seem? Furthermore, the base of all if notion in society has to be education. Who gives education? Teachers do. Elementary teachers, who have given the foundation of success, earn an annual average of $56,130 nationally. Actors of the likes of R Bert Dow ney Jar. And Changing Datum however, make a net worth of 550 million. A pretty boy actor on a screen will make hat much more money than a teacher with a white board.Where would the j justice be in this? Men and women dedicated to the betterment of this nation are making very Ii title money, especially compared to those who simply dedicate themselves to a franchise or producer. Public servants such as teachers, law enforcement officers, and military personnel e ran substantially less income than entertainers. Thus, this becomes my dream. My dream features America proportioning, giving more money to those who sacrifice the most, because they truly have e earned it.My dream, those ho are putting their lives down on the frontline for their brothers and sister s will earn the same as those putting their names onto a movie contract. My dream, teachers, giving t he most valuable tool to our community, education, will earn the same as a man running into an end z one with a ball in his hands . My dream, public servants who serve as the basic function for this who ole nation, will earn the Cushman 3 same income as those who solely entertain this nation.

Fetac Level Customer Service

The hotel offers 104 superb bedrooms designed for guest comfort and relaxation, many with superb sews over the river and town. They have two penthouse suites known as the light and dark rooms offering luxury at its finest, ideal for special occasions. The Westport Hotel The Westport Hotel has been transformed into the hippest & liveliest luxury designer hotel in the region. After a major refurbishment in 2011, the Westport Hotel now attains the status as the most popular hotel in Dragonhead. The inviting exterior is that of sophistication and city reminiscence.Located in the very heart of Dragonhead it comprises of 27 tastefully decorated bedrooms all of different infatuations, flat screen televisions with cable channels and high speed internet access. The aim of the Westport Hotel is to make your stay one of comfort, enjoyment and relaxation. 2. Summary/Evaluation I The D Hotel I The Westport Hotel I Organization/Business Image I The image I got of the D Hotel was that it is a very middle of the road hotel. The d ©cord is standard and not very up-market. It is clean and tidy and felt very welcoming, making me want to stay there.I The image I got of the Westport Hotel was that It is very up-market, the lobby is spotlessly clean and the d ©cord is very high end. I think that the business image is better than that of the D Hotel. I Personal Presentation of Employees I The sales associate was wearing a black t-shirt and black trousers; I felt that she was well presented with regards to her the ends from dragging on the ground. I The sales associate was dressed in a black suit with a white shirt and no name tag. She was very well presented with minimal make-up and nicely groomed hair.The presentation of the staff is much better than that of the D Hotel. I Interpersonal Skills of Individual(s) Dealt With I I think the sales associate was very good at her Job; she was polite and welcoming and dad me feel like a valued customer. Her interpersonal skills were 100% better than those of the staff at the Westport Hotel. I The sales associate didn't do very well and I think she should consider another career path. She was impolite to me and seemed exasperated with my questions. She could improve on her manners towards customers.I Effective Handling of Enquiry I The sales associate was very efficient in handling my enquiry as she had a very good knowledge of the deals available to me. She was much more effective at handling my enquiry than the employee at the Westport Hotel. I The sales associate wasn't very efficient in handling my enquiry she made me feel like I was bothering her with stupid questions. I Ability of Employee to Present Information Accurately I The sales associate was brilliant she went through everything with me and explained what each price included making sure I knew what I was getting for my money.She was much better than the employee at the Westport Hotel. I Although I did eventually get the information I required the sales a ssociate didn't present it to me accurately as she Just scribbled some generic prices down onto a scrap of paper and thrust it into my hand before smiling me. I Overall Comment of Efficiency and Customer Service Delivered by the Organizations/Business I The only things that I found wrong were the fact that her trousers were far too long and she never offered me her name. Other than that it was a very good experience. My experience was much better than the one I had at the Westport Hotel.I The experience made me feel like the hotel didn't want me as a customer because I wouldn't fit their usual clientele, the sales associate was UN- friendly and rude and it made me not want to stay in the hotel. 3. Recommendations on Improving Customer Service The Only way I think that the D Hotel can improve on their customer service is to make sure that employees make the customers aware of their name so that they don't have to ask for it and to also make sure that employees are dressed in a more p rofessional manner with correctly tailored clothing.

Loans & Advances of Dhaka Bank

Home  » Business  » Economics  » Report on Procudure for Distributing Loans and Advance at Dhaka Bank Report on Procudure for Distributing Loans and Advance at Dhaka Bank on March 20, 2013 in Economics [pic][pic]1. a. Introduction Internship program is a pre-requisite for acquiring M. B. A. degree. Before completion of the degree, a student must, undergo the Internship program. As the classroom discussion alone cannot make a student perfect in handling the real business situation, therefore, it is an opportunity for the students to know about the real life situation through this program.The program consists of three phases: 1. The orientation of the Intern with the organization, its function and performance. 2. The project work pertaining to a particular problem or problems matching with the Intern’s area of specialization and organizational requirement. 3. The report writing to summarize the Intern’s analysis, findings and achievements in the proceeding of the fo llowings. 1. b. Objectives of the Report: The report has two objectives: 1. General Objective 2. Specific Objective 1) General objectives of the report: The general objective of the report is to complete the internship.As per requirement of MBA program of Chittagong University, a student need to work in a business organization for two months to acquire practical knowledge about real business operations of a company. 2) Specific objective of the report: The specific objective of this report is to find and analyze the Credit facilities (its outstanding, recovery, classified loans etc), approval and monitoring process of Dhaka Bank Limited, Local office. It will also include gathering an idea about the securities behind the loan facilities and issuing different bank guarantees.The detail objectives of my study are as follows- †¢   To access the credit structure of banks in practice. †¢   To measure the effectiveness of the selected banks in utilization of their available deposit and resources. †¢   To identify the relationship with their customers. †¢   To identify the loan recovery performances of the selected banks. †¢   To find out the deposit utilization problems. †¢   To find out the implementation of credit risk management policy of the selected banks. †¢   To find out the implementation of the credit risk grading manual of Bangladesh bank by the selected banks. To find out the unsound credit according to the credit risk management policy. 1. c. Methodology Methodology of the study: This report is mainly prepared by the secondary sources of information & some few primary sources of information like – O Direct observation. O Information discussion with professionals. O Questioning the concerned persons. The secondary sources of my information – O Annual reports of DBL. O Credit rating report of DBL by credit rating information & services limited. O Desk report of the related department. O Credit manual information. O Different reference books of the library.O Some of my course elements as related to this report. 1. d . Scope of the study: This report will cover an organizational overview of Dhaka bank. It will give a wide view of the different stages of credit appraisal system of Dhaka bank, starting from the loan application to Loan disbursement and the comparison between standard and existing credit appraisal system of a Bank. The study is organized as follows: †¢   Credit profile of the selected banks. †¢   Loan recovery. †¢   The nature of default. †¢   Credit management and guidelines. †¢   Analysis of the findings and recommendation. 1. e.Limitations There are some limitations I had to face while preparing this report. It is very difficult to collect some of the important data and information. There is some information very secret and the Bank didn’t want to provide this information. But this information may help to build a go od report. Another limitation is availability of the data. The bank doesn’t have sufficient documents of the interest amount they collect from different loans. For this there is no specific profit calculation of the credit department. So, These kinds of limitations I faced while preparing the report. . a. Dhaka Bank Limited DHAKA BANK LIMITED was incorporated as a public limited Company on 6th April 1995 under the company act. 1994 and started it’s commercial operation on June 05, 1995 as a private sector bank. The bank started its journey with an authorized capital of Tk. 1,000. 00 million and paid up capital of Tk. 100. 00 million. The strength of a bank depends on its management team. The Employer in Dhaka Bank is proud to have a team of highly motivated, well-educated and experienced executives who have been contributing substantially in the continued progress of the bank.The marketing activities at the Dhaka Bank are very implicit and vast comparing to that of oth er bank in the country today. The Philosophy of the bank is â€Å"EXCELENCE IN BANKING†. Dhaka Bank is always willing to offer new product features to the client. Besides the applications of these products or services are prepared in a very modern way so that the service can be provided in least time required. The Credit facilities approved by Dhaka Bank are increasing day by day because of its well-organized and trained management and also well-equipped facilities.In recent time banking sector becomes very competitive and without giving good and attractive facilities and service no bank can survive in this time. Dhaka Bank is also trying to provide good service to keep going with this competition. 2. b. Mission Statement: To be the premier financial institution in the country providing high quality products & services backed by latest technology and a team of highly motivated personnel to deliver Excellence in Banking. 2. c. Vision Statement: At Dhaka Bank, we draw our inspi ration from the distant stars.Our term is committed to assure a standard that6 makes every banking transaction a pleasurable experience. Our endeavor is to offer you razor sharp sparkle through accuracy, reliability, timely delivery, cutting edge technology, and tailored solution for business needs, global reach in trade and commerce and high yield on your investments. Our people, products and processes are aligned to meet the demand of our discerning customers. Our goal is to achieve a distinction like the luminaries in the sky. Our prime objective is to deliver a quality that demonstrates a true reflection of our vision- Excellence in Banking. . d. Slogan: Excellence in Banking. 2. e. Company Philosophy The motto or the philosophy of the Bank is â€Å"Excellence in Banking†. Whether in Personal, Corporate, Treasury or Trade transactions of Dhaka Bank Limited is committed to provide the best. Meeting the demand of the bank’s discerning customers is not the sole object ive. The Bank endeavor to deliver a quality that makes every transaction a pleasurable experience. Dhaka Bank feels that, if they can meet maximum clientele requirements in less time with efficiency, then they will be able to accomplish a successful business in the world of banking.Their main objective is – they want to provide every single customer service available in today’s banking procedure for their clientele. Thus they can guarantee the excellence in banking to their valuable customers. 2. f. Company Activities and Performances Paid up Capital The paid up capital of Dhaka Bank Limited amounted to Tk. 1,547 million as on December 31, 2008 which was Tk. 100 million when the Bank started its operation. The total equity (capital and reserves) of the Bank as on December 31, 2008 stood at Tk. 3125 million. Deposits A strong deposit base is critical for success of a bank.During the years the Bank has mobilized a substantial amount in deposits in transactional and savin gs account. The deposit base of the bank continued to register a steady growth and stood at Tk. 48,731 million excluding call as of 31 December 2008 compared to Tk. 41,554 million of the previous year registered a 17% growth. Investment Dhaka Bank has diversified its investment portfolio through Lease Financing, Hire Purchase, and Capital Market Operations besides the investment in treasury bills and Prize Bonds. The emphasis on high quality investment has ensured the bank to maximize its profit.Dhaka Bank Limited is a member of the Dhaka Stock Exchange and Chittagong Stock Exchange. A specialized unit of the Bank, the Investment Division manages the Bank’s portfolio and actively participates in the screen-based on-line trading of both the Stock Exchanges. Profit Dhaka Bank Limited registered an operating profit of Tk. 2,010 million in 2008 compared to Tk. 1,183 million in 2007 making a growth of 70%. After all provisions including general provisions on unclassified loans, pr ofit before tax stood at Tk. 1,531 million. Provision for tax for the year 2008 amounted to Tk. 27 million. The net profit of the bank as on 31 December 2008 stood at Tk. 704 million compared to previous year’s Tk. 580 million making growth of 21%. Earning per share (EPS) was Tk. 46. 06 in 2007 compared to Tk. 45. 17 in 2007. Loans and Advances The Bank implemented the system of credit risk assessment and lending procedures by stricter separation of responsibilities between risk assessment, lending decisions and monitoring functions to improve the quality and soundness of loan portfolio. The Bank recorded a 17 % growth in advances with a local loans and advances portfolio of Tk. 9,972 million at the end of December 2008 compared to Tk. 34049 million at the end of December 2007. As of 31 December 2008, 96. 85 % of the total Bank’s loan portfolio was regular while only 3. 15 % of the total portfolio was non-performing as compared to 1. 64 % of 2007. Bank made required pr ovision as on 31 December against performing loans as per rate and classification norm provided by Bangladesh Bank (se note-2c). The volume of non-performing loans stood at Tk. 1,258 million in 2008 from Tk. 554 million in 2007. Of the total loan provision of Tk. 04 million, Tk. 465 million was general provision, which was 51 % of total provision. The rest Tk. 439 million was against the classified accounts. 1. Non-performing loan 2. Regular Loan A wide range of business industries and sectors constitutes the Bank’s advance portfolio. Major sectors where the Bank extended credit include steel and engineering, ship breaking, edible oil, sugar, housing and construction, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, electronic and automobiles, energy and power, service industries, trade finance, personal or consumer credit, leasing etc.The Bank continued to support Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) and expended credit facilities to them through its SME Cell. Sector wise allocation of advances re veals a well-diversified portfolio of the Bank with balance exposure in different sectors. High concentration sectors are textile and garment industries with outstanding of Tk. 7,524 million, housing and construction with Tk. 4,093 million, food and allied industries with Tk. 2,949 million and engineering and metal including ship braking with Tk. 1,903 million as at 31 December 2008. Customer ServiceCustomer is in the core of everything a service-oriented company does. Accuracy, reliability, and timely delivery are the key elements of the Dhaka Bank’s service. Well-qualified and experienced officials always prepared to provide efficient, personalized and quality service man Dhaka Bank Limited. The banks prime objective is to provide high quality product and services to the customers. The bank also performs according to the needs of its corporate clients and provides a comprehensive range of financial services to national and multinational companies. International Trade & Fore ign ExchangeInternational trade constituted the major business activity conducted by the bank. Dhaka Bank offer a full range of trade finance services, namely, Issue, Advising and Confirmation of documentary Credits; arranging forward Exchange cover; Pre-shipment and post- shipment finance; Negotiation and purchase of Export bill; Discounting of bills of Exchange, Collection of bills etc. In the year 2008, Dhaka Bank Limited was active in extending services to their valued clients related with import business. As of 31st December 2008 the import volume was Tk. 49,496 million compared to the volume of 2006 for Tk. 6,277 million marking as increase of 7% from the last year. Dhaka Bank Limited experienced sound growth of export business in 2007 from 2006. The volume of export business rose to Tk. 31,081 million from Tk. 23,269 million in 2007 showing an increase of 34%. Branches Dhaka Bank has opened already 41 branches in different Cities, Places and areas in Dhaka and also in Chittag ong, Sylhet, Narayangonj, Norshingdi and Savar. This shows the banks commitment to provide services to their valued customers through an extensive branch network at all commercially important places across the country.They also have planned to open more branches in the sort coming year. These branches are well decorated and well secured with the new technologies. Human Resources and Training The driving force behind Dhaka Bank has always its employees. The bank recognizes that professional development of its people is vital to establishing workers as a provider of quality service. In this regard, the bank have expanded its training facilities and set up a full-fledged training institute at SaraTower, Motijheel, Dhaka. Environmental Management ProgramThe Bank’s Environmental Management Program stipulates adherence with environmental, health and safety regulations and guidelines, refraining from business that impairs the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, as sessing an mitigating risks concerning environment, health and safety issues that the bank undertake. Community Service The Bank extends assistance to socio-cultural and community development programs. During the years under review, the Bank had provided support to a number of community welfare programs. At present Dhaka Bank assist the National Hokey Federation. Technologies, Products and ServicesDhaka Bank’s products and services are regularly upgraded and realigned to fulfil customer expectation. Their delivery standards are constantly monitored and improved to assure the highest satisfaction. The bank specially emphasizes on the service base on technologies. Because the life became very fast and people want take service within sort time. The consumer-banking sector of the Bank deals with number of tasks related to various services. The products that are recently being offered by the bank are as follows –   Accounts: Dhaka Bank provides the Savings Account; Curren t Account; Short Term Deposit; Fixed Deposit Receipt etc. or the customers. ATM (Automated Teller Machine): Dhaka Bank ATM Cards enable their valued customers to carry out a variety of banking transactions 24 hours a day. Credit Cards: Dhaka Bank Credit Card has earned wide acceptability and reputation within a very short time. The Bank has developed the process such that it can deliver the Credit Card within only 7 days against security; for unsecured cards it takes only 10 days. Phone banking: Dhaka Bank phone banking service allows customers to conduct a variety of transactions by simply making a phone from anywhere.Customers can inquire about the balance in their account, check transaction details or request for account statement by fax or e-mail. Locker: By this facility customers can put their valuable things such as jewelry items, valuable papers etc. for the safety reason. Consumer Credit: Dhaka Bank also provides consumer credit facilities with very attractive terms and con ditions. Industrial Loan: Loans issued for purchasing equipment, inventories, plants, payrolls etc. Any Branch Banking: By this customers can transact from any branch insight the country.Utility Bill Payment: Customers can pay different utility bill such as phone bill, credit card bill etc. 3. a. Bank: Banks are among the most important financial institutions in the economy. They are the principle source of credit (loanable fund) for millions of households (individuals and families) and for most local units of government. Moreover, for small businesses ranging from grocery stores to automobile dealers, banks are often the major source of credit to stock the shelves with merchandise or to fill a dealer’s showroom with new goods.When the business and consumers need financial information and financial planning, it is the bankers to whom they turn most frequently for advice and council. 3. b. Types of Bank Loans: The banks make a wide variety of loans to a wide variety of custome rs for many different purposes-from purchasing automobiles and buying new furniture, taking dream vacations and pursuing college education to constructing homes and office buildings. Bank loans may be divided into the following broad categories of loans, delineated by their purpose:   1.Real Estate Loans, which are secured by real property-land, buildings, and other structures- and include short-term loans for construction and land development and longer-term loans to finance the purchase of farmland, residential, and commercial structures etc. 2. Financial institution Loans, including credit to banks, insurance companies, finance companies, and other financial institutions. 3. Agricultural Loans, extended to farm and ranch operations to assist in planting and harvesting crops and to support the feeding and care of livestock. 4.Commercial and Industrial Loans, granted to business to cover such expenses as purchasing inventories, plant, and equipment, paying taxes, and meeting payr olls and other operating expenses. 5. Loans to Individuals, including credit to finance the purchase of automobiles, homes, appliances and other retail goods to repair and modernize homes, cover the cost of medical care and other personal expenses, either extended directly to individuals or indirectly through retail dealers. 6. Lease Financing Receivables, where the bank buys equipment or vehicles and leases them to its customers.Among the categories, the largest volume is in the real estate loans. The next largest category is commercial and industrial loans. 7. Asset-based Loans, loans secured by a business firm’s assets, particularly accounts receivable and inventory. Installment Loans, credits that is repayable in two or more consecutive payments, usually on a monthly or quarterly basis. 9. Letter of credits, a legal notice in which a bank or other institution guarantees the credit of one of its customers who is borrowing from another institution. 0. Retail Credit, smaller -denomination loans extended to individuals and families as well as to small business. 11. Term loans, credit extended for longer than one year and designed to fund longer-term business investments, such as the purchase of equipment or the construction of new physical facility. Term Loans are designed to fund long-and medium-term business investments, such as the purchase of equipment or the construction of physical facilities, covering a period longer than one year.Usually the borrowing firm applies for a lump-sum loan based on the budgeted cost of its proposed project and then pledges to repay the loan in a series of installment. 12. Working Capital loan, provide businesses with short-run credit, lasting from a few days to about one year. Working Capital Loans are most often used to fund the purchase of inventories in order to put goods on shelves or to purchase raw materials; thus, they come closest to the traditional self-liquidating loan described above.Frequently the Working C apital Loan is designed to cover seasonal peaks in the business customer’s production levels and credit needs. 3. c. Credit Analysis: The division of the bank responsible for analyzing and making recommendations on the fate of most loan applications is the credit department. This department must satisfactorily answer three major questions regarding each loan applicat 1. Is the Borrower Creditworthy and how know that? The question must be dealt with before any other is whether or not the customer can service the loan- that is, pay out the credit when due, with a comfortable margin for error.This usually involves a detailed study of six aspects of the loan application: – Character   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   🙠 well defined purpose for loan request and a serious intention to repay), Capacity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   🙠 proper authority to request for the loan and legal standing to sign a loan agreement), Cash   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   🙠 ability to generate enough cash, in the form of cash flow), Collateral   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   🙠 enough quality assets to provide adequate support for the loan), Conditions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   🙠 aware borrower’s line of work and also economic conditions), and Control   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   : All must be satisfactory for the loan to be a good ne from the lender’s point of view. 2. Can the loan agreement be properly structured and documented so that the bank and depositors are adequately protected and the customer has a high probability of being able to service the loan without excessive strain? The loan officer is responsible to both the customer and the Bank’s depositors and stockholders must seek to satisfy the demands off all. This requires, first, the drafting of a loan agreement that meets the borrower’s need for funds with a comfortable repayment schedule.The borrower must be able to comfortably handle any required loan payments, because the bank’s success depends fundamentally on the success of its customers. If a major borrower gets into trouble because it is unable to service a loan, the bank may find itself in serious trouble as well. So, the bank’s loan officer must be a financial counselor to customers as well as a conduit for their loan applicants. 3. Can the bank perfect its claim against the assets or earnings of the customer so that, in the event of default, bank funds can be recovered rapidly at low cost and with low risk?While large corporations and other borrowers with impeccable credit ratings often borrow unsecured, with no specific collateral pledged behind their loans except their reputation and ability to generate earnings, most borrowers at one time or another will be asked to pledge some their assets or to personally guarantee th e repayment of their loans. Getting a pledge of certain borrower assets as collateral behind a loan really serves two purposes for a lender.If the borrower cannot pay, the pledge of collateral gives the lender the right to seize and sell those assets designated as loan collateral, using the proceeds of the sale to cover what the borrower did not pay back. Secondly, collateralization of a loan gives the lender a psychological advantage over the borrower. Because specific assets may be at the stake a borrower feels more obligated to work hard to repay his or her loan and avoid losing valuable assets. The most popular assets pledged as collateral for bank loans are- Accounts Receivable, Factoring, Inventory, Real Property, Personal Property, Personal Guarantee etc. . d. Loan Review: Banks today use a variety of different loan review procedures; nearly all banks follow a few general principles. These include: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Carrying out reviews of all typ es of loans on a periodic basis- for example, every 30, 60, or 90 days the largest loans outstanding may be routinely examined, along with a random sample of smaller loans. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Structuring the loan review process carefully to make sure the most important features of each loan are checked. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reviewing most frequently the largest loans, because default in these credit agreements could seriously affect the bank’s own financial conditions. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conducting more frequent reviews of troubled loans, with the frequency of review increasing as the problems surrounding any particular loan increase. 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Accelerating the loan review schedule if the economy slows down or if the industries in which the bank has made a substantial portion of its loans develop significant problems. 3. e. Handling Problem Loans:Inevitably, d espite the safeguards most banks build in their lending programs, some loans on a bank’s books will become problem loans. Usually this means the borrower has missed one or more promised payments or the collateral pledged behind a loan has declined significantly in value. The process of recovering the bank’s funds from a problem loan situation- suggests the following key steps: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Always keeps the goal of loan workouts firmly in mind: to maximize the bank’s chances for the full recovery of its funds. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rapid detection and reporting of any problems with a loan are essential: delay often worsens a problem loan situation. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Keep the loan workout responsibility separate from the lending function to avoid possible conflicts of interest for the loan offers. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Estimate what resources are ava ilable to collect the troubled loan. 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Loan workout personnel should conduct a tax and litigation search to see if the borrower has other unpaid obligations and many other processes. CREDIT MANAGEMENT: POLICY & PROCEDURESIntroduction: In general, a banking system aggregates a high number of low value deposits to fund enterprises with a smaller number of high value loans. This intermediation through a well functioning bank helps to achieve some economic benefits for the depositors, the borrowers and above all — the economy in the following ways: The depositors: †¢ Higher return †¢ Lower risk †¢ Greater liquidity The borrowers: †¢ Availability of fund for all credit worthy borrowers †¢ Thus allows to enterprises grow and expand The economy Economic growth is maximized as the banks channels the country’s scare financial resources into those financial opportunities with maximum return †¢ Thus profit able enterprises receive funding, grow and expand. †¢ Loss making enterprises are refused funding and allowed to go out of the business – thus saving the economy from drainage of resources. The bank must allocate loans effectively for achieving these broad objectives of the economy and the pre-requisites are: †¢ Banks are able to identify reliably those enterprises that can repay their loans. Banks allows loans to those enterprises likely to yield high return and deny loan to those likely to yield low or negative returns. While identifying profitable enterprises, the bank – in fact – identifies risks of the borrower and business in order to allow loan in the context of its risk – return profile. Credit risk management (CRM) is a dynamic process, which enables banks to proactively manage loan portfolios. Four major areas of CRM are: †¢ Policy – lending guidelines †¢ Procedure – evaluating viability and associate risks of b usiness enterprises. Organizational structure – segregation of risk taking and risk approving authority †¢ Responsibility – decision making and accountability A clear understanding of the four areas are crucial for maximizing bank’s earning by carefully evaluating credit risks and attempting to minimize those risks. 4. a. Policy objectives: 1) Maximize Bank’s earning from loan portfolio 2) Improve quality of loan portfolio to maximize earnings by: a) To keep non-performing assets below 10% b) Arresting new loans to become classified. ) Utmost emphasis on loan sanctioning is to be given in order to improve quality of the loan portfolio. Credit facilities are to be considered solely on viability of business / enterprises / project / undertaking having adequate cash flows to adjust the loans, and management capacity of the borrower to run the business profitably. 4) Evaluate credit risks before sanctioning, which may hamper generation of the projected c ash flows of the borrower and might delay or hinder repayment of bank’s loan. ) Monitoring continuously performances of the financed projects / business / enterprises will be bank’s main trust for ensuring repayment of the loan, and receiving early warning (EL) for taking timely corrective measures. 6) Price the loans on the basis of loan pricing module of the bank focusing on risk rating of the borrower. 7) Strict adherence to Bangladesh Bank’s policy guidelines 4. b. Lending guidelines As the very purpose bank’s credit strategy is to determine the risk appetite of the bank, so bank’s focus should be to maintain a credit portfolio to keeping in mind of our risk absorbing capacity.Thus its strategy will be invigoration loan processing steps including identifying, measuring, containing risks as well as maintaining a balance portfolio through minimizing loan concentration, encouraging loan diversification, expanding product range, streamlining securi ty, insurance etc. as buffer against unexpected cash flow. Types of credit facilities Bank will go for: †¢ Term financing for new project and BRME of existing projects (Large, Medium, SE) †¢ Working capital for industries, trading, services and others (Large, Medium, SE) †¢ Import and export Finance Lease Finance †¢ Consumer Finance †¢ Fee Business †¢ Islamic mode of finance Single borrower/ Group limits / Large Loans / Syndication The limit for single client / group under one obligor concept will be as under: 1. The total credit facilities by a bank to any single person or enterprise or organization of a group shall not any point of time exceed 35% of the bank’s total capital subject to the condition that the maximum outstanding against fund based financing facilities (fund facilities) shall not exceed 15% of the total capital. 2. Non-funded credit facilities, e. g. etter of credit, guarantee etc. can be extended to a single large borrower. But under no circumstances, the total amount of the funded and non-funded credit facilities shall exceed 35% of bank’s total capital 3. However, in case of export sector, single borrower limit shall be 50% of the bank’s total capital. But funded facilities in the form of export credit shall not 15% of the total capital   Large loan 1. Loan sanctioned to any individual or enterprise or any organization of a group amounting to 10% or more of bank’s total capital shall be considered as large loan. 2.The bank shall be able to sanction large loans as per the following limits set against their respective classified loans: |Rate of net classified loans |The highest rate fixed for large loans against bank’s total | | |loans & advances | |Up to 5% |56% | |More than 5% but up to 10% |52% | |More than 10% but up to 15% |48% | |More than 15% but up to 20% |44% | |More than 20% |40% | 3. In order to determine the above maximum ceiling for large loans, all on-fund ed credit facilities e. g. letter of credit, guarantee etc. shall also be considered to arrive 50% credit equivalent. However the entire amount of non-funded credit facilities shall be included while determining the total credit facilities provided to an individual or an enterprise or an organization or a group. 4. A Public Limited Company, which has 50% or more public share holdings, shall not be considered as an enterprise / organization of any group. 5. In case of credit facilities provided against government guarantees, the aforementioned restrictions shall not apply 6. In the case of loans backed by cash and excusable securities (e. g.FDR), the actual lending facilities shall be determined by deducting the amount of such securities from the outstanding balance of the loans. 7. Banks shall collect the information to the borrowers from Credit Information Bureau (CIB) of Bangladesh Bank before sanctioning, renewing or rescheduling loans to ensure that credit facilities are not pro vided to defaulters. 8. Banks shall perform Lending Risk Analysis (LRA) before sanctioning or renewing large loans. If the rating of an LRA turns to be â€Å"marginal†, a bank shall not sanction large loan, but it can consider renewal of an existing large loan taking into account other favorable conditions and factors. However, if the result of an LRA is unsatisfactory, neither sanction nor renewal of large loans shall be considered. 9.While sanctioning or renewing large loan, a bank shall assess borrower’s overall debt repayment capacity taking into consideration the borrower’s liabilities with other banks and financial institutions. 10. A bank shall examine its borrower’s Cash flow Statement, Audited Balance Sheet, income Statement and other financial statement to make sure that the borrower has the ability to repay the loan. Term Financing and Syndication Like large volume of loan, long term financing is one of the riskiest areas of the bank because of long duration of repayment. Long duration casts uncertainties on repayment as variable with which financial and other projections are made very widely in a dynamic global economic scenario.Thus utmost care is to be exercised while considering long term financing †¢ Long term relationship with the borrower is prerequisite for considering term financing †¢ Due diligence is to be exercised for accessing viability of the projects in terms of Management ability, Market gap, Technical suitability, Financial viability. †¢ Information on projects should be adequate and reliable †¢ Minimum information for project viability analysis is to be given. Syndication Syndication means joint financing by more than one bank to the same clients against a common security basically, to spread the risk. It also provides a scope for an independent evaluation of risk and focused monitoring by the agent / lead bank.In syndication financing banks also enter into an agreement that one of t he lenders may act as Lead Bank, who has to co-ordinate the activities at various stages of handling the proposal i. e. appraisal, sanction, documentation sharing of the security, disbursement, inspection, follow – up, recovery etc. it may also call meetings of syndication members, whenever necessary to finalize any decision Discouraged business types In the context of present economic situation vis-a-vis government policy as well as market scenario, the following industries and lending activities are considered as discouraged †¢ Military Equipment / Weapon Finance †¢ Highly leveraged Transactions †¢ Finance of speculative business Logging, Mineral Extraction/ Mining or other activity that is ethically or environmentally sensitive †¢ Lending to companies listed on CIB black list or known defaulters †¢ Counter parties in countries subject to UN sanctions †¢ Share lending †¢ Taking an equity stake in borrowers †¢ Lending to holding compan ies †¢ Bridge loans relying on equity / debt issuance as a source of repayment Loan facility parameters Size: Funded: maximum 15% of Bank’s total capital : Funded + Non Funded: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shall not exceed 35% of bank’s total capital 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maximum 50% of Bank’s total capital for export sector. (Funded facility shall also not exceed 15% of bank’s total capital). Tenor: Short term: Maximum 12 months Medium Term: Maximum 5 years   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Long Term: Maximum 15 yearsMargin: To be determined by Banker Customer relationship and nature of business. Security: Return of Banks funding to any business is ensured primarily on the cash flow of the business. A smooth flow of cash in the business requires efficient management competence in conducting the business in a given market. However as the market never remains stable owing to various uncontrollable factors, the continuity of well- managed business cash flow is difficult to visualize in the long run. As such to ensure realization of Banks finance in case of any eventuality, other adequate security coverage deemed necessary with a view to protects interest of the bank. General Covenants Bank shall not extend any credit facility to any defaulter as defined in the bank company act 1991(clean CIB report required. ) †¢ The borrower shall have valid Trade license, †¢ In case of partnership firm there must be a partnership deed duly notarized / registered. †¢ Limited Company must be registered with the Registrar of Joint Stock Company. †¢   Directors and other loans will be subordinated to Dhaka Banks loan. Directors loan (if any) will be interest free and no dividend will be declared/paid before full adjustment of Term Loan of Dhaka Bank. †¢ The borrower shall submit annual audited/un-audited/projected financial statements regularly where applicable. †¢ The borrower shall maintain cur rent ratio of not less than 1. 5 times.. The borrower shall obtain and maintain in full force and effect all Government of Bangladesh (GOB) authorizations, licenses and permits required to implement and operate Borrowers business. †¢ The borrower shall maintain all insurance as detailed in Loan Documents. †¢ The borrower shall maintain satisfactory swing/turnover of the limit in case of continuous loans/advance. †¢ The borrower shall pay all fees , duties , taxes etc, that are due to the Government of Bangladesh (except where waivers or deferrals have been granted by Government of Bangladesh) when due. †¢ The borrower shall not create any charge, mortgage or any encumbrances of any other security interest over any of its assets without the prior written consent of the Bank. The borrower shall not avail any credit facility from other source without the prior written consent of the bank. †¢ The borrower shall not make any amendment/alteration in the Companyâ⠂¬â„¢s Memorandum & Articles of Association without obtaining prior approval of Dhaka Bank Ltd in writing. †¢ The borrower shall not furnish any corporate guarantee to other firm/company without Banks permission. Events of Default Bank will have the right to call back the Loan/Advance in the event of default under the following circumstances: †¢ Failure to repay †¢ Breach of Covenants of the loan agreement. †¢ Bankruptcy or liquidation or insolvency event affecting the Borrower. †¢ Occurrence of a material adverse change in the financial position of the Borrower. Any change in GOB directives, which in the opinion of the Lenders would prejudice the Borrowers ability to meet the financial obligations in respect of this facility, †¢ Any security interest over any asset of the Borrower becomes enforceable or any execution or distress is levied against or any person is entitled to or does take possession of the whole or any part of the assets or undertakings . Facility Wise Charge Documents %3 |L/C |LTR |BG |TL |CC Hypo/CC Pledge (Key Stock to | | | | | |Bank) | |1. Promissory Note|1. Promissory Note |1. Promissory Note |1. Promissory Note |1. Promissory Note | |2. Letter of |2. Letter of Undertaking |2. Letter of Undertaking |2. Letter of Undertaking |2.Letter of Undertaking | |Undertaking | | | | | |3. A/C Balance |3. A/C Balance confirmation |3. A/C Balance confirmation |3. A/C Balance confirmation |3. A/C Balance confirmation Slip | |confirmation Slip |Slip |Slip |Slip | | |4. Letter of |4. Letter of Continuity |4. Letter of Continuity |4. Letter of Continuity |4. Letter of Continuity | |Continuity | | | | |

University of Phoenix Material: Appendix C

University of Phoenix Material Appendix C Part I Define the following terms: Term| Definition| Discrimination| * This is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons. * | Institutional discrimination| * This is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups, resulting from normal operations of a society. * | Political correctness| * This can also be called political correct, this is a term which denotes language, ideas, policies, and behavior, seeking to minimize social and institutional offenses in occupations.Such as gender, religion, racial, and sexual orientation. * | Part II * Write a 150- to 250-word response to each of the following questions: * * How is discrimination different from prejudice and stereotyping? * Discrimination is different from prejudice and stereotyping by that of discrimination actually takes action. Whereas prejudice and stereotyping are more of making assumpti on of a person or a race, assuming that they are one way due to their ethnicity or what they heard about them before getting to know them.Discrimination as I stated actually takes action there are so many different types of discrimination that actually take place today. Example: Hate crimes- people do these acts based on a person’s race, religion, or sexual preference. With this form familie’s. Another type of discrimination is institutional discrimination this can hinder someone from being hired because of their past or even color. An institution can hire just one race that controls all the laws over a town, and then make it hard for the minority to live since they may not know what it is like to struggle with everyday life. * * * What are the causes of discrimination? * * There are speculations of what causes racism some of this is caused by stereotyping. This can be caused by reading, music, television, and internet, say for instance a young child was watching telev ision or listening to music and saw how people of one ethnicity acted they may then assume all are like this causing them to discriminate against another race. Another factor of discrimination can be unfamiliarity there is a saying- people fear what they do not know, or yet to find out about.Some people are afraid to go out and meet new people based on what they hear or watch on television thinking that they are the same as the people they watch. If people grow up only around their race then the chances of them becoming racists and discriminate towards another race then become higher. Environmental factors can also lead to discrimination such as the way a person lives, maintains their property, and how they keep up their appearance. All of this can have a person become hateful towards you, or if they heard a certain race lives a certain way and then sees it, they then believe it and hate the race too. * * How is discrimination faced by one identity group (race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, gender, sexual orientation, age, or disability) the same as discrimination faced by another? How are they different? Discrimination faced by one group is the same as discrimination faced by another by wanting it to stop. Not one ethnicity wants to be discriminated against, or have their children, wives, and family walk in fear not knowing if something is going to happen to them. Any race wants to live the same as any other race, safe, and peacefully, not having to fear tomorrow.Races that are discriminated against also can be the same as the other race by spreading the word of what is going on, and helping people who have this problem finding ways to conquer it. They can be different by many ways such as the way a race handles the discrimination. Some can act out by hurting people, retaliating, and teaching their children to do the same. Others can handle it in a nonresponsive way by ignoring it and turning the other cheek. Some may call the police and let them handle it, w hile others take it into their own hands.

Research theory discussion 1 wk4 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research theory discussion 1 wk4 - Coursework Example There will be a lack of connection between the research work and other related resources. Therefore, theory interconnects various components of the research and links one research work with other knowledge bases (Utley, 2011). Theories are also important in designing a simplified research model. They eliminate complicated details of the research and provide a concise overview of the research model. Particularly in scientific research, like in physics, theory provides a simplified model of the research work. It eliminates the complication associated with details of the research and provides a general overview of the research. A research model used in the study, therefore, incorporate the postulated theory framework. Each theory can demand are different research model in discussing the same topic. For example, particle theory and wave theory both explains how light works. These two theories have different models but explain the same concept (Utley, 2011). Theories are therefore, an important aspect of any given research. They connect different component of the research topic as it provides knowledge base for the study. Theories also influence the research approach for the study. This is because different theories will require different models of

Globalization and Technology Changes in Starbucks Company Research Paper - 8

Globalization and Technology Changes in Starbucks Company - Research Paper Example Here the company has carefully expanded its products and expertise to reflect new channels, products, and markets. Today Starbucks Company proudly offers its newly acquired customers assorted iconic beverages as well as new menu choices that reflect their community preferences. Technological advancement has in the recent days proven as offering certain companies a competitive edge over other similar companies. Changes in technology have equally been associated with growth in the competitiveness. Starbuck Company takes this idea seriously and has been in the forefront initiating new technological operations. Using this technology Starbuck has realized benefits ranging from administrative functions, management of our supply chain, online business, point-of-sale processing and payment at the stores and online, Starbucks Cards. There is no doubt that technology has boosted Starbucks operations and profitability, thanks to its inherent effectiveness and efficiency elements. Globalization and technological changes have seen the Starbuck grow its market outside America to include the China and Asia Pacific segment and the Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) segment. The former segment at one point became the fastest growing market delivering about 27% of the total growth in 2013. Ideally, Globalization and technological changes allowed the company to increase its market and thus increase its Net Revenues from $9.8 billion in 2009 to $14.9 in 2013(STARBUCKS CORPORATION Fiscal 2013 Annual Report, 2014). Â  Starbuck success is no secret and no one can doubt its standing among its equals; however, there is still much room for better performance. Maybe one of the ways this company can ensure its returns go above –average is by keeping up the search for more distribution channels in its US market and offer a wide range of food to complement its beverage business. Such is the case that this move will increase the average customer check.

Executives Transition Management and Succession Planning of Non-profit Coursework

Executives Transition Management and Succession Planning of Non-profit Organizations - Coursework Example Starting from planning for the departure of an executive to the entry of a new leader, ETM encompasses three phases that include Prepare, Pivot as well as Thrive. On the other hand, Succession Planning entails the practice of preparing an organization for a leadership change regardless of whether it is planned or unplanned. One of the major aspects that makes Succession Planning an effective strategy is that it entails developing a board succession policy that is essential in providing tactics for enhancing leadership. In addition, as companies emulate the culture of succession planning, they create an important base through which the firm initiates talent development and leadership development. As stipulated by Tom Adams, nonprofits organizations highly value improving leadership through talent management are leadership management. Executives Transition Management in the article by Tom Adams is depicted in one of the food banks in the Midwest. Having been under the leadership of a female CEO whose performance was remarkable; the food bank experienced an expansive growth. When the CEO decided to retire, the board was very worried since they saw high chances of failure. However, through the guidance of the board chairman, the organization sought the help of a local banker who was exposed to ETM (Adams, 2009). This also entailed hiring of an ETM consultant and the formation of a Transition Committee to oversee the implementation of ETM policy. In this regard, the board of directors hired a new executive who was aimed at enhancing the activities of the food bank in its endeavor to fight hunger. As a result of the adoption of the ETM, the organization experienced various benefits. First, it helped in the exit of the founder and the hiring of new executives. In this way, the continuity of the organization activities was achieved.     

Transparency in public procurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Transparency in public procurement - Essay Example It is because of these lack of transparency in public procurement that corruption has acquired its definition in that it is defined as the use of public office for public gain, where this lack of transparency does not only contribute to the definition as there have been corruption cases in the private sector, as well. As such, the definition of corruption in public procurement has been perceived and surveyed by different agencies to look into the impacts. Transparency International states that bribery is the most common form of corruption emanating from multinational companies that then provide bribe money from the world’s richest nations in an attempt to clinch contracts meant for public procurement. ... This way, Tabish says that the bribe money that rich corporations pay to receive contracts are usually then factored in the total cost of the contract, which she perceives to mean that the contract or the entire project will cost more than the earlier mentioned price of service and product procurement. She continues to state that the consequence of the lack of transparency is usually more than the bribe received by corrupt individuals seeking to benefit themselves as it all trickles down to the same person that received the bribe. This way, Tabish continues to highlight the price of lack of transparency and how it comes into being discarded by mentioning that cultural norms, ethics and accountability contribute greatly towards transparency or lack of it public procurement.3 As such, it is said that corruption or beach of transparency can be achieved or carried out at any stage in a procurement process meaning that there is not a single phase or project that is safe from corruption. S tudies further indicate that lack of transparency was directly related to systems of functions that involve corruption and the ability to look into projects that have both quality and quantity at high levels.4 This was because, transparency to Tabish, is a clear and concise means to achieve a project free of irregularities at all phases, and even exempt it from manifestation. A special report on E-governance portrays a number of practices, as being the best in ensuring transparency in procurement, where turning all systems to digital and internet based is the way to go. The report quotes Korea as an example of promoting transparency in procurement, where certain conditions must be met prior to a contract award to a company in all of its qualifications or lack of them

Consider these arguments in terms of culture, motivation, and Essay

Consider these arguments in terms of culture, motivation, and strategy, and comment on their substance. You should also reflect - Essay Example The paper also seeks to reflect on how power is exercised in organisations in relation to moral values. The paper begins by explaining the concept of culture in view of the arguments raised by Stiglitz. The paper will also critically analyse how motivation of the people as well as the strategy implemented have a bearing in the way financial institutions are operating during the contemporary period in USA in particular. Culture is the most basic cause of a person’s wants and behaviours. â€Å"This is commonly referred to as a set of basic values, perceptions, wants behaviours learned by a member of society from the family and other important institutions,† (Kotler & Armstrong, 2004). For instance, the following values are given priority in the United States of America: achievement and success, activity and involvement, efficiency and practicality, progress, material comfort, individualism, freedom as well as humanitarianism. The success or failure of a given organisation can be attributed to this concept of culture. However, Stiglitz argues that individualism and market fundamentalism have eroded the sense of community and have led to exploitation of the ordinary people. ... In actual fact, the approach taken by the banks is that which advocates the survival of the fittest. Whilst the free market concept posits to the effect that the market forces should shape the standards expectations especially of financial institutions, it can be argued that the conditions set are favourable to the business organisations which leaves the ordinary people exposed to manipulation by these big businesses. The aspect of materialism has increased dramatically in the operations of financial institutions and this has posed a serious challenge to the ordinary people who end being victims especially during turbulent periods that can be attributed to the strategies implemented by the financial institutions. Whereas marketers in the other industries worry about the impact of culture on their strategies, financial institutions in USA are primarily concerned with entrenching the aspect of individualism in their operations (Kotler & Armstrong, 2004). Stiglitz argues that rugged ind ividualism combined with a high degree of materialism has led to loss of trust among the members of the society and different financial institutions. The aspect of culture and moral values can also be attributed to the concept of ethics. Business ethics loosely refers to values, principles and standards that operate within a particular organisation which attempts to make a distinction between something that is morally good from bad (Rossouw, 2004). The concept of business ethics therefore derives from the value system that is used by a particular organisation to shape its operations. To reinforce this assertion, DesJardins (2006, p. 5) describes values as the â€Å"essential and enduring tenets†

How software engineering differs from other fields of engineering Essay

How software engineering differs from other fields of engineering - Essay Example The concept is applied with reference to engineering and computer science principles and practices, when exploring the development, operability and the maintenance of software systems. This paper will explore the aspects that differentiate software from other fields of engineering like mechanical and electrical engineering. The paper will also discuss the specific characteristics of the ‘software’ product, which differentiate the field from other engineering domains. The differences between software engineering and other traditional engineering disciplines The field of software engineering, unlike other traditional fields of engineering, can be traced to the growth in the field of computing and information technology. The growth in the field of computing and information technology has prompted the tremendous growth of the field of software engineering (Ghezzi, Jazayeri and Mandrioli, 2003). On the other hand, other fields of engineering can be traced to the development a nd the growth of respective fields of study and practice, and not necessarily the field of computing and information technology (Sommerville, 2008). ... erent from traditional engineering disciplines, in that many of the other fields of engineering – including civil, chemical, mechanical, and electrical engineering – can be traced to the discrete application of mathematical basements. On the other hand, software engineering can be traced to the application of technical computer and mathematical science principles, which resulted from the need of maintaining and improving software systems (Ghezzi, Jazayeri and Mandrioli, 2003). This difference shows that the field depends, mainly, on the principles of discrete mathematics, particularly that related to logic (Jones, 1995). Software engineering is different from traditional engineering fields, in that many of the engineers practicing these other fields construct real artifacts, but software engineers construct virtual/ abstract artifacts. This points out that the products developed by software engineers may not be subjected to the evaluation and the testing which is releva nt to those produced by the engineering practicing in the traditional fields. Additionally, traditional engineering fields are mature fields incorporating continuous mathematics and physical sciences, but software engineering is more immature, and reliant on discrete mathematics and computer sciences (Herbsleb and Goldenson, 1996). In traditional engineering, there are two major concerns about the products produced, including the costs of production and the reliability of the product, which is a function of time and failure (Jalote, 2005). On the other hand, in software engineering, the main concerns related to the products developed include the costs of development and the reliability of the virtual product, which is a function of the number of errors noted for every thousand lines of the source

COSTS OF PRODUCTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

COSTS OF PRODUCTION - Essay Example To understand the concept indivisibility of some factor inputs, we can look at some examples from the Tropical Smoothie cafà ©. Some of the indivisible inputs include the business idea, entrepreneurial skills, and the skills of individual workers among others. In this  case, it is  clear that not all inputs all divisible. Therefore, the indivisible inputs should be utilized efficiently to avoid wastage. There exist several characteristics or features of a competitive market structure. For instance, there are no barriers to entry in the market. In this regard, firms are free to penetrate or exit the market on their own pleasure. As a result, there are many small firms that serve the entire market such that no firm has sufficient power to control the market (Dwivedi, 2006). Therefore, the price of commodities in such a market are determined by the forces of demand and supply. In essence, the firms have to set prices that are in line with the existing market price. Generally, it can be argued  that the firms in such a market are price takers. Van & Camesasca (2001) state that a perfectively competitive firm offers identical products to that of competitors. In this regard, the consumers can switch from one firm to the other since all products are close substitutes. Actually, the products serve the same customers’ needs and wants and, therefore, firms are forced to devise unique means of surviving the competition. In essence, the homogeneity of products in perfectively competitive markets creates a cut-throat contest among the firms in the competition. Perfectly competitive firms operate with resources that are easily transferable from one industry to another. In essence, the firms are flexible to changes and, therefore, can fit in more than one industry. Studies have shown that most perfectly competitive firms do not operate in one industry for their entire life of

What is main causes of obesity for teenagers in USA Annotated Bibliography

What is main causes of obesity for teenagers in USA - Annotated Bibliography Example Additionally, the resource is reliable and written by qualified authors who undertook intense research process to compile the facts and figures. Therefore, observing from these established facts, this reference is key to the course of the research paper. This publication identifies with the purpose of the research paper. Boy Scouts of America (BSA) is a publication established from the Boy Scouts of America movement established under the inspiration of the Boy Scout Association. The BSA incorporates boys between ages fourteen to eighteen and institutes several programs for helping and supporting the society in their surroundings. This publication is key to the study into obesity among the teens as it is from teenagers’ organization. Notably, it facilitates a description of the various elements that are causative agents to obesity among the teenagers. The publication therefore features accordingly as a reliable information source for the paper. Additionally, the article reflects accordingly in the intent of the research paper, including discussing the essential points that directly affect the development of the dissertation. Thus, I use this reference from the establishments of the factual information in this research study. Paul Insel is a clinical professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford university school of medicine. Turner and Ross are also established professionals in psychology and behavioral sciences. The American Diabetic Association is key in addressing the challenges influencing the health crisis resulting in obesity. In this publication â€Å"Discovering Nutrition†, they all bring their established professional finings regarding the subject of obesity. They facilitate studies involving health education and nutrition as they relate. The objectives of the publication relate accordingly to the purpose of the research proposal of understanding the causes of

The History of Winter Olympic Games Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The History of Winter Olympic Games - Term Paper Example The Winter Olympic Games were disrupted by both World War 1 and World War 2. Other than the games being completely canceled because of the war and the plans being suspended, there were strained relations after the war between the nations that had been at war and their allies (Wickenheiser, 2009). The Olympic Games were feared to be held in some nations such as the Soviet Union after the war for fear of reaction of the enemies of the Soviet Union. The Worlds Wars also led to world depression and hence after the wars, few nations were able to participate in the next winter Olympic Games as the rest lacked expense money. The participants even from the nations that attended were few. Doping has been a headache to the organizers of this particular sport as with many other sports. The measures taken since 1967 have been to perform random drug tests on the participants and banning those found with positive results. The most common doping drugs are the performance enhancers. The other controversy that has rocked these games is the bribing of the planning committee officials with expensive gifts in order for their countries to be selected to host the games. The most controversial and which saw 10 officials sent packing is the 2002 Salt Lake City, USA Olympics (Gerlach, 2004). Politics have always been a silent but present issue in these winter Olympic Games. Most nations still have cold war amongst themselves and they push them in the games. Some nations use the winter Olympic Games as an opportunity to show off to the nations and those which have been successful in the number of medals use this as a way to express their powers such as the US. The nations that have always had a grudge against each other go to the extent of skipping the winter games when they take place in the enemy country. Even though the politics are silent and not expressed openly, it still affects the sole purpose of the games

Benefits & Compensations Task 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Benefits & Compensations Task 2 - Essay Example The standard pay for a software developers, programmer and engineers is $71k per annum. In order to be on the safe side and retain the employees the company should give a compensation of $ 71 K per annum to the software experts. Te sales representative should have a fixed salary of $ 51 K per annum. In the company the lowest earning employee should earn at least $ 29 K per annum. The lowest paid employee should be the administrative manager in charge of company’s records and processing of orders placed by the customers. The marketing specialist should pocket at least $ 51 k per annum. For motivation purposes, the sales representative should be given commission of the sales they make in addition of the total salary they take home. In addition to the salary, workers should be given a part time bonus in order to motivate workers to work more hours. The bonuses should be range from $ 200 to $ 400 per hour depending on the profession. The bonuses will serve as a motivation factor i n which employees will be ready to work even old hours of the day. Some companies do not provide part time bonuses and if YLSS gives out the bonuses the employees will not be willing to leave the organization. Each employee in the company should also enjoy other benefits like health insurance, PTO and life insurance. The company should pay the insurance for the employee (PayScale, 2015). The pay-policy is aimed at making sure that the employees are satisfied and remain focused to YLSS. The benefits and salary given to the employee will enable the workers to be motivated and provide services for many years. The insurance cover will serve as a security to make sure that employees can be treated when they get sick and return back to work. The salary proposed is the highest in the market and employees will not be tempted to find job in other companies. YLSS should have more benefits than the competitors as listed in the recommendation above in

Obesity epedemic in america Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Obesity epedemic in america - Essay Example The good part of this issue is that it can be dealt with and controlled. Increased awareness programs by the government along with better management skills and promotion of healthy programs by the media which support a healthy lifestyle can prove to be very beneficial for the people suffering from this condition. Understanding the causes of the disease and dealing with the issue by analyzing these causes can assist in treating this condition. Obesity Epidemic In America With the changes in the living styles of human beings many pathological conditions have emerged and they have become matters of global concern owing to the wide range of impact that they lay on the health of the individuals. Obesity is one such example of a global pathological problem which is now a subject of much concern. Obesity is basically a condition in which there is an increase in the amount of fats in the body of an individual. This condition serves as a base for many degenerative diseases and it serves to af fect the most important systems of the human body. It has now also been observed that this condition also lays an impact on the psychological condition of the person (Stanford Hospital and Clinics 2010). The great number of risks and problems associated with the condition have made it a topic of concern for the entire world. The alarming levels of the condition in the United States have served it to be labelled as an epidemic. ... Examination Survey, two third of the people who reside in the United States either suffer from increased weight or obesity with on an average of one third of the population suffering from obesity (Weight Control and Information Network 2010). Another very important finding in the country explores the fact that the vulnerability of the children becoming obese has also increased and the in the last three decades the rate of this condition has increased by more than thrice in the country. The intensity of the issue of childhood obesity can be analyzed by the fact that the issue has come to the notice of the first family and even they have called for efforts to fight against obesity (Laing 2010). Obesity is a disease state which was initially considered to have no genetic role in its causation. But recent research has put forward the fact that obesity is a disease state which has both genetic component and environmental factors involved in causing it. It is caused by the deletion or dama ge in a gene known as Ob gene putting the subjects with these deletions at high risks of developing obesity (NCBI 1998). The disease can also occur because of an energy imbalance that is excessive intake of energy with lesser utilization by means of physical activity. Thus the increases energy is stored in the body in the form of fat leading to obesity. A diet rich in fat can also lead to obesity because a high fat diet stimulates a person to eat more. Another important reason for obesity is psychological disorders which include depression, eating disorders like binge eating and increased diet in times of stress. Obesity itself can also serve as a reason because it might lead for a person to lose his self confidence and hence the person loses the will to exercise and adopt weight loss

Literature Review on Culture in Public and Private Preschools Essay

Literature Review on Culture in Public and Private Preschools - Essay Example This report stresses that the organisation culture in both public and private preschool has become a concerning issue especially to parents who want their children to study in an institution where there is a unique school culture. Culture as an organisation metaphor in the learning institution is where there is effective communication and sharing of vision, values, beliefs and other unique school cultural aspects with an aim of accomplishing the organizational objectives effectively. The education of a child is significant; thus organisation culture can shape the behavior of the child and determine his or her academic future; thus organization culture should be emphasized in preschool learning environments. This is because the environment of the child can be very influential on the personality, behaviors and character traits of the child in the present and the future years. This paper makes a conclusion that the culture of the preschool has diverse components, which shapes the behaviors and influences of the child; one of the components is social and this is linked with the family and school. Most preschools have multiple age groups of students; thus many of them intend to offer an effective learning and social environment where children are given opportunities to learn from each other through socialization. The child is able to cope up in a learning environment where students and teachers are friendly or socialize well; thus contributing to successful accomplishments of organizational goals. (Berns, 2004). Another component of culture is the environmental set-up and this involves the preparation for the environment in an effective manner in order to match with the desired needs of the child. Glicken (2011) argues that the environment should be comfortable such as the classroom size should have a sizeable number of children and better learning materials ; thus enabling the child to study comfortably. Moreover, it should be like a home because this can enable the child to learn varied practical or real life issues. For instance, there should be a place where the child should practice proper self-help skills and the environment should have adequate security. Therefore, the preschool coaching and learning principles should be grounded into a strong theoretical framework of organisation culture with an aim of delivering high quality education services to children.

Case stduy of Campus response to a student gunman. by Kelly J Essay

Case stduy of Campus response to a student gunman. by Kelly J. Asmussen , John W. Creswell - Essay Example The credibility of the study is highly supported by its research method: the qualitative case analysis; a relevant incident ‘in the campus of a public university, cited in a Midwestern City’ (case study, 338) is analytically presented and explained aiming to highlight the various aspects of student gun violence but also to provide information regarding the measures that are most appropriate for the limitation of the phenomenon – as these measures have been applied on the University involved in the specific case study. The examination of the article’s sections – in terms of structure, content and language used – has led to the assumption that the particular study can be quite valuable for legislators, educators and community leaders – helping them to understand the emergent character of the problem and propose appropriate plans of action. However, the conclusion section of the paper has been rather discouraging regarding the above perspe ctive – emphasizing on the lack of interest by the educational and local authorities in regard to the prevention of such incidents. However, even under these terms, the existence of studies like the one under evaluation proves that the expansion of violence in educational units across USA has attracted the attention of the academia. As for the level at which the authors of this study have contributed to the achievement of the above target, this can be identified by referring to the characteristics and the content of their study and by evaluating its credibility – taking into consideration the relevant rules of academic research. Evaluation of the article The study of Asmussen and Creswell highlights a quite important problem: the increase of violence in university campuses across USA; reference is made specifically to the student gun violence. The particular study can be characterized as quite valuable, mostly because it deals with a problem, which is avoided by most a cademic researchers – an issue also notified in the study under examination. The importance of the study – meaning especially its contribution in the particular field – can be identified and understood by referring to its content but also to its structure; the theme chosen should be also evaluated – compared to other, most common, themes of academic research. On the other hand, the research methodology employed should be evaluated, as of its appropriateness taking into consideration the fact that the literature in regard to the issue under discussion – and the research methods which are most appropriate for such studies – is quite limited, a problem also highlighted by the authors. The development of the above tasks would allow the evaluation of the following facts: a) whether the study has been appropriately structured, b) whether the research methods chosen were the most appropriate, c) which were the most critical challenges that the auth ors had to face and d) whether the authors managed or not to achieve their aims – as these aims are included in the research questions on which the study under

Information Technology and Human Resource Part II Research Paper

Information Technology and Human Resource Part II - Research Paper Example In summary, this research paper will discuss on the impacts of social media such as Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter on potential career growth, future business systems, personal and professional privacy as well as, personal and business ethics. Given that Human resource is a department which comprises of individuals who manage the workforce in an organization, the use of social media may be significant in developing the people’s career growth. For instance, socializing with other people in the organization may predict a potential human resource officer. There are various ways in which the use of social media can positively impact the potential growth in a persons’ career, especially in Human Resource. The use of social media will enable the student to know the current issues across the world in regards to their careers and acts as instrumental in business communication (Burack, & McNichols, 2006). It is evident that among the three social networking sites; Twitter, Faceb ook and LinkedIn, Facebook had the highest percentage used by people. The study has also shown that most employers are today looking for social media as a way of disqualifying the candidates; hence this can lead to a negative potential career growth for students who use the media as their means of communication. Therefore, it can be noted that the use of technology has both negative and positive impacts for career development, for instance, LinkedIn and Twitter are the best social sites for promoting businesses, people can be linked with others whom they have connections with (Cunningham, 2013). Twitter has also gained ground in product branding, helping the organizations to link with the customers, marketing, delivery of news as well as, advertising. Generally, the use of social sites are highly beneficial in this process of career development or growth despite the few challenges that are encountered. Today, social media have turned an online marketing into a shared and democratic experience. This means that, most business who wishes to grow and maintain their products must invest in the building as well as, maintaining the social media presence. The research has shown that the future of social media is evolving, and consumers are increasingly turning first to digital media. It is apparent that the future of business is the future of technology (Khine & Fisher, 2003). Therefore, the future of businesses has always been driven as a result of new advancement in technology, which has significant implications for the future of businesses. Today, most organizations are using social media technologies to ensure that their businesses achieve competitive advantage. The social sites have become of a great importance because most companies use them to advertise their products online enabling consumers to get them within the required time (Burack, & McNichols, 2006). The future use of Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter will offer new opportunities for the businesses, partic ularly connecting with customers. This has made most businesses rethink on their future strategies as well as, shifting most of their marketing efforts towards engaging with customers. Technology on future business systems will help most companies to connect with customers that will turn them from passive reactors to advocates. Within my career choice, the future use of social media in businesses will help many organizations in recruiting and selection

Forensic Science Module Essay Example for Free

Forensic Science Module Essay 1. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid refers to the molecules that carry our genetic information. DNA can be found in blood, skin cells, tissues, muscles, bones, teeth, hair, and saliva. 2. Mitochondrial DNA is DNA that can be inherited from one’s mother and is found outside of the cell nucleus. 3. CODIS is a software program that contains the DNA profiles of convicted offenders, missing persons, crime scene evidence, and other sources. CODIS works by attempting to match the samples of DNA based on the thirteen different regions or loci within the nuclear DNA. 4. Complimentary base patterns are pairs that always pair up together. Complimentary base patters are so important because the four bases make up DNA 5. RFLP is described as the method in which DNA is studied, by using an enzyme to cut DNA strands into different sections. Limitations to this process include the fact that it requires a large sample of DNA and samples that carry dirt or mold usually will not work good with this type of test. 1. I believe DNA has had and continues to have such an impact on forensic science because a DNA sample can help figure out who was involved in a crime and even who was the person who committed the crime. 2. I believe some of the challenges that come with collecting DNA evidence could include the DNA sample potentially becoming damaged, by factors even if includes natural causes such as dirt, dust, and mold. Some ways that I could overcome these potential challenges include trying to collect more DNA samples that are not ruined or damaged you can also attempt to clean the DNA if possible. 3. The difference between mitochondria DNA and nuclear DNA is that mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the offspring’s mother while in nuclear DNA it is mixed and matched so it is different. I would choose nuclear DNA to work with because it is more complex which means it is less likely for any two people to have the same pattern while mitochondrial DNA has less variability from one to another. 4. If I had to analyze DNA samples I would choose the polymerase chain reaction to analyze the DNA. PCR creates strands of DNA from small samples of DNA at crime scenes. I would choose this technique because for one it is inexpensive, does not take very long, and can be successful with just even a small piece of the DNA sample. 5. The expert’s testimony can be dismissed by questioning its credibility, education,

Jasper Jones Essay Example for Free

Jasper Jones Essay Values have been endorsed and challenged throughout the novel Jasper Jones written by Craig Silvey. The novel Jasper Jones was about a young, shy boy named Carlie who was confronted by an older, confident boy named Jasper Jones who needed his help. As Charlie says yes they set off into the night to where Jasper shows Charlie a young girl, Eliza Wishart, who has been beaten and hung. Throughout the novel they attempt to find out who has done this horrible act to Eliza. The values of equality and coming of age have been both endorsed and challenged. Values of equality, intelligence and acceptance of individuality have been both endorsed and challenged. The value of equality were endorsed through Jasper and Jeffery Lu who have experienced discrimination due to their differences. The values of intelligence and acceptance of individuality were both present through Charlie’s allusion and his differences. The value of equality being present within the character of Jeffery Lu was evident due to his characterisation. As he was a Japanese boy who lived in Australia during the time when there was large conflict between the Japanese and Australians. In the novel Jasper Jones you see Jeffery and the Lu family to be the recipient between of many racist acts towards them. â€Å"Jeffery’s parents are Vietnamese, so he’s ruthlessly bullied and belted about by the boys at school.† Through the characterisation of Jeffery it represents the way how Jeffery is being treated because of his differences, however he portrayed Jeffery to be a very lovable character in the novel. By doing this the readers like the character of Jeffery and reject the actions and discrimination that has been done upon him so they accept the value of equality. As Jeffery is represented to be unflappable which is portraying that all of the outcasts in the world to be strong and Silvey is depicting small Australian towns to be non-accepting of others with differences in race/ The readers are then challenging the values of the town and endorsing the values of equality. Jasper Jones has been shown by author Silvey to present the value of freedom. In the town of Corrigan Jasper is seen by the public to be a menace. All of the townspeople think that he is no good to society. With Jasper Jones you see the town’s people duality as they go around blaming everything that goes wrong in the town on him but cheer and shout his name out on the football field.

Introduction To Strategic Management Business Essay

Introduction To Strategic Management Business Essay Alfred D. Chandler, an American business historian, defined strategy as follows: Strategy is the determination of the basic long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out those goals. Here A. Chandler believes that strategy consists of equal importance to defining objectives and goals as it is to providing the measures for attaining them. Strategic management is a consistent level of managerial activity of setting up goals and tactics and ensures a variety of decisions by the top management to successfully achieve those aims or goals in the long term and at the same time providing for adaptive responses in the short term. This provides an overall direction to an organization. The strategic management process consists of three components: Strategic analysis, strategic choices and strategic implementation. These components are vital in a firm as it appraises the business and industries in which the firm is a part of. It also brings about a healthy competition and helps in defining of attainable goals in present and future and also reevaluates each strategy. The Components Of Strategic Management Process, in its plainest sense, is fixing tactical decisions, evaluatin g the strength and recognizing the critical external factors, which may play a part in influencing the position of the firm and also defining the factors that bring about the implementation of a firm through these components. Different from the classic business planning, Strategic management focus involves Mission, Vision and Out-of-the -box thinking. Top management uses strategic management to describe where and when they would want to position their firm in the industry. Strategic planning helps assess the firms opportunities and threats, exposes its strengths and weaknesses as well as encourages the firm to adapt. A SWOT analysis, strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats, is an excellent way to help develop a strategic plan. Like used by many Fortune 500 companies, these four components pose as the building blocks of a strategic plan for a firms existence. Similarly, PEST analysis (Political, Environmental, Social and Demographic and Technological factors) is a examination of the external marco-enviormental in which in firm exist. It helps to examine the effect of these influences on the firm as opportunity and threat in the SWOT analysis. It is also used for assessing the market rise and fall, and as such the position, potential and direction of the firm. The BCG (Boston Consulting Group) Matrix is a four-celled matrix; it is the most renowned strategic planning tool. It provides a graphical representation for the firm to examine diverse companies in its portfolio. It provides the management with a comparative analysis of firms potential and the evaluation of environment, which it operates in. Organization Structure Organization is a term that can be studied as a process as well as a structure. In a fixed sense, organization is a structure, where a team of people functions and tries to accomplish a certain objective. In the words of Kast and Rosenzweig, structure is the established pattern of relationships among the component parts of the organization. In this sense, the network of relationships among individuals and positions in the firm are refers to as an organizational structure. Organizational structure defines how responsibility, roles and power are coordinated, controlled, how information moves between the different stages of management and how they are assigned. When the most of the decision making power and control over departments and division lie with the top level management it is know as Centralized structure. In a decentralized structure, the decision making power is distributed over the departments and allowing them to enjoy certain degrees of freedom. There are four major components that affect organizational structures, they are, Environment, Strategy, Technology and Human Resource. Environment being are very volatile factor itself, managers will face more problems depending on how fast it changes. Thus, structures need to be more flexible in order to face these changes; this would also suggest the need to decentralize authority. Various strategies would need to utilize different structures. Such as a differentiation strategy would require a flex ible structure and low cost would need a more formal one. Organization structures are also determined by what type of technology is being used. For instance, a company that has an automated operational system would opt for a decentralized structure because the progress of employees would be monitored and the immediate supervisor would be able to provide guidance and when needed. One of the most commonly found structures found within firms is the functional structure, it consist of small units or departments which are grouped or identified by specialty, like finance, IT, logistics, sales, human resource, and so on. This distinguishes the departments by product produce by each unit or geographical region; this enables managers to maintain more control over each group. This structure is based on high specialization and high control and efficiency concept. In terms of effectiveness, the functional structure is most effective in small to medium size firms that only deal with a few produc t and services. A matrix structure is an organizational reporting structure frequently used for project-based teams. This structure uses both departments as well as products as determinates to group teams together; this allows ideas to flow between various parts of the organization. This is a complex structure of reporting relationships and has proven to be very flexible and can respond rapidly to change. It is effective for a large organization with a large number of products and services. Strategic Mapping A strategic group is a concept used in strategic management where companies that are a part of the same industry and provide similar business models and/or similar strategies are grouped together. For instance, the fast food industry can be divided into different fast food joints in terms of pizza or burgers, which can be based on different variables like time, price, presentation, etc. The number and the composition of the groups within the industry depend on the dimensions used to define them. Strategic management experts mainly use two-dimensional grid in order to justify their direct competitors, those with similar strategic models, and their indirect rivals. M. Hunt (1972) devised the term Strategic Group whist analyzing the appliance industry after discovering the high level of competitive rivalry. He the then subscribed this to the subgroups existing the industry. This then caused the industry to undergo rapid innovation, price reduction, increase in quality and lower profitab ility than normal economic models would deliver. M. Porter (1980) developed the concept and explained strategic groups in terms of Mobility Barriers. Value Chain Analysis This analysis focuses on every level of the business that it goes through from raw materials to the final user. The goal is to maximize value at the least possible cost. For one to better understand the activities from which an organization creates shareholder value and competitive advantage, it has been proven useful to simplify the business system into series of value-generated activities, also known as value chain. Michael Porter, in his book Competitive advantage (1985), introduced a value chain model that consists of arrange of activities that was found to be common to a wide range of firms. M. Porter identified these activities and classified them into primary and support activities. The primary activities include Service, Marketing Sales, Operations, Inbound and Outbound Logistics. Theses activities are supported by four components Infrastructure of the firm, Human Resource Management, Procurement and Technology Development. The main goal of the value chain analysis is these activities need to provide a higher level of customer satisfaction that exceeds the cost of them, thus creating profit margin. In other words, the firms margin depends on how effective the firm is on performing these activities efficiently, so that the level of customer satisfaction is sufficient enough for them to pay for the products that exceed the cost of the activity itself. By reconfiguring the value chain a firm may be able to achieve a competitive advantage by providing better differentiation or through lower costs. Value chain activities are not inaccessible from one another but rather one activity often affects the cost or the performance of the other. There may exist linkage between primary activities or between primary and support activities. The value chain analysis is a flexible tool for a firm; its competitors and the industry. It can be used to create or study the competitive advantage on both cost and differentiation. Cost advantage is done through a better understanding and squeezing out the cost from value adding activities and differentiation is achieved by focusing over those activities with core capabilities in order to out pre form the competitors. It provides a deeper understanding of the firms strengthens and weaknesses. The main advantage of value chain is that it is adaptable to any type of business, big or small. However, M. Porters book Competitive Advantage, the value chain is largely focused on manufacturing industry, thus puts off other types of business. Due to the complexity of the value chain analysis and the scope and scale of the value chain has proven to be intimidating, it is time consuming. To understand the firm competitors one must identify and examine the key differences and strategy drivers, hence, needing substantial information. The business information system is not always structured to draw out information easily for a value chain analysis.